Anatomy and physiology of the human pancreas: topographic map of internal organs
The pancreas is the most important organ of a person, without which a full functioning of the body is impossible. Although it received such a specific name, it is not located far below the stomach. The anatomy and physiology of the pancreas are very complex, and to fully understand the principle of its operation, these moments should be given increased attention.
The main thing to remember is that this unique gland has a direct effect on almost all internal organs.
Physiology
The production of gastric juice is the main physiological function of the pancreas. It provides qualitative processing of intestinal contents. The physiology of this organ is very specific, but it depends entirely on the activity of secretion, which is regulated by the neuro-reflex and humoral ways.
Symbiosis of gastrointestinal hormones and pancreatic juice underlies the stimulation of exocrine cells. Just a few minutes after the meal was made, the secretion of juice begins, which is due to the peculiarities of this unique gland. The fact is that through the work of receptors located in the oral cavity, there is a reflex excitation of this organ. The contents of the stomach immediately reacts with enzymes that are actively produced in the duodenum. As a result, hormones such as cholecystokinin and secretin are secreted, which in the mechanisms of secretion are the main regulators.
Stabilization of the pancreas, when it performs its functions under increased load, occurs due to the development of the most important proenzymes by the acinus. It has special significance in the physiology and anatomy of this organ.
Anatomical location
Since the pancreas is a fairly large part of the digestive system, a special place is allocated to it in the human body. It is approximately at the level of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae behind the stomach, fixed to the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of this organ is located almost transversely, and the vertebral column passes in the anterior part.
In a person, all organs of which are healthy, it is not possible to probe the gland, since in a normal state it is not palpable. If you project its location on the anterior abdominal wall, it is 5-10 centimeters above the navel.
The pancreas is divided into several divisions: head, body and tail. They are located precisely in this sequence, and between the head and the body there is a neck, which is a narrowed gap of a small size.
Topographic Anatomy
The pancreas axis, which is located in the retroperitoneal space, passes at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. If the head of the organ is lower, or higher than the tail, its topical location may be slightly different. The gland is very closely related to the gland bag, which has a very complex anatomical structure bordering other internal organs. Topographical anatomy of the pancreas covers many nuances. So, depending on the characteristics of the body, the small omentum has different sizes and shapes.
Periietal peritoneum forms the posterior wall of the cavity of the small omentum. It covers the pancreas. Part of the diaphragm and the caudal lobes form the upper wall of the gland bag. The lower wall of the small gland is the mesentery of the transverse colon.
The rear wall of the stuffing box comes into contact with the pancreas, and the area of this contact depends on the position of the above mentioned mesentery. Near the gates of the liver is a gland opening. Entry to the stuffing box is possible exclusively through it.
Anatomical and physiological features of
The pancreas occupies some part of the left hypochondrium and middle epigastric region. Its shape resembles a tapering smoothly flattened stitch. Sometimes there is a hammer-shaped, curved, rectilinear and wedge-shaped form. The organ is divided into tail, body and head.
Typically, the location of the prostate is projected on the anterior abdominal wall as follows: tail and body - above the navel of 4.5 - 2.5 cm, on the left side of the white line, and the head - above the navel to 3 - 1.5 cm, To the right of the white line.
body weight, and such is the anatomy, gradually increases with the body, and an adult can reach about 115 g, and quite often it gets relatively low, however, it is possible that it will remain the same, and even a littleWill move upward, but the internal structure remains unchanged.
In the upper and lower part of the head of the pancreas, as well as on the right, it is covered by the duodenum. In addition, the back of the head is adjacent to the initial portal vein and the lower hollow vein.
The gland's body smoothly passes into the tail section, which reaches the spleen's gates. The back wall of the gland bag, stomach and tail of the liver are located in front of the organ. A little lower - a duodenum-small intestine bend. Splenic artery and celiac trunk are like the upper edge of the gland. In addition to mesentery of the transverse part of the colon, the small intestine can also be attached to the lower part of the organ, but this arrangement of organs is rare.
Blood supply
Human anatomy is complex, and like all other organs, this gland feeds blood from several sources. Arterial blood enters the head of the pancreas through the upper pancreatododuodenal artery from the front surface. In addition, the process involved and inflows of the common hepatic artery - the branch of the gastroduodenal artery.
Lower pancreatoduodenal artery supplies blood to the rear surface of the head body, as it comes from the superior mesenteric artery. The branches of the splenic artery feed the tail and body of the gland. They form a complete network of capillaries, branching among themselves, and perform the most important function, participating in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
The left gastric, lower and upper mesenteric and in splenic flow pancreaticoduodenal vein, forming the portal vein.
Structure
The internal structure of the organ is olveolar-tubular. He is in a certain capsule, consisting of connective tissue. From her inside part of the dividing dividing walls. The lobules themselves consist of a system of excretory ducts and glandular tissue that produces pancreatic juice. At the same time, the ducts eventually combine into one excretory duct.
With regard to the endocrine part, it consists of exocrine( cells produce pancreatic juice which contains glucosidase, amylase, galactosidase, chymotrypsin, trypsin and other enzymes) and endocrine( islets Langegansa secreting insulin and glucagon, which are surrounded by a networkCell clotting capillaries) parts.
Any "problem" in the zone, where the duodenum and the bile flows affect the health of the pancreas, because it is closely connected with these bodies.
Functions
Since only the pancreas produces pancreatic juice, it is involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In addition, the enzymes contained in the juice, decompose all the food you eat into components, which, in consequence, are absorbed by the walls of the intestine. If the activity is reduced, the food is digested poorly, and if it is increased - the body begins to corrode itself.
Enzymes contained in pancreatic juice take a direct part in the renewal of all tissues and the body as a whole. These enzymes regulate metabolic processes, carry out chemical transformations.
Alfa and beta cells located in the "tail" part of the gland produce glucogen and insulin. They are responsible for regulating the process of carbohydrate metabolism. Due to insulin, the utilization of sugar in the blood is performed.
Anatomy of the body implies that the enzymes produced by the gland work most effectively only in a narrow temperature range. At 50 degrees Celsius they are destroyed, and at low temperatures they do not function at all. Since the normal temperature of the human body is 36.6 degrees Celsius, the enzymes actively perform their functions. The temperature parameters are controlled by the central nervous system, which once again confirms the coherence of the work of all components of the living organism.
Today there are no such drugs that are able to equalize the activity of various parts of the pancreas. The use of enzymes of animal origin can only provide a short-term improvement in the digestion of food, however, the more often they are used, the stronger the inhibition of the production of their own enzymes by the gland.
