Semen: complete information about analysis

Extended semen analysis: results of decoding and analyzing price

Extended semen - complete study of the male seed with a detailed assessment of sperm by Kruger criteria. Providing maximum information on all components of the male semen: sperm and seminal fluid. Is clinically important diagnostic method for conception planning, in Vol. H. method of in vitro fertilization.

Passage of the paternity test

Semen analysis - qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reproductive material, or simply test the possibility of becoming a father. Specifies the fertilizing capacity of sperm, as well as helps prevent a number of problems with reproduction. Most of the identified pathologies of sperm donation in absolute terms, but does not preclude conception, which may not always be safe.

To exclude all of these unpleasant surprises male seed should be examined before conception.

The expanded version of the semen, you can:

• Get general information about ejaculate:

1. Allocated volume and color.
2. Liquefaction time and viscosity.
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3. Acidity and biochemical composition.
4. The number of spermatozoa in 1 ml of semen and their mobility.

• Detailed examination of the morphological structure of the sperm: to determine the number and the number of pathological and non-viable gametes.

At the present time it is generally accepted standards proposed by the WHO in 2010

volume of semen	> 1.5 ml
Total number of sperm per ejaculate	> 39 million
The concentration of male gametes	> 15 mln / ml
Total mobility (A + B)	> 40 %
Progressive Motility (A)	> 32 %
The viability of gametes	>58 %
Morphologically normal male gametes	>4 %

Unfolded spermogramma (by Krueger), unlike conventional sperm analysis, characterized by more stringent criteria. In the baseline study, the sperm is considered normal if it has no deviations in the structure of the head. According to Kruger the norm accepted "ideal" sperm, not having any defects whatsoever.

According to the results of the extended semen can determine whether ICSI shown (intraplasmic Sperm Injection) man with problems conceiving or its reproductive material sufficiently full of gametes to IVF-procedure was successfully.

Information: according to WHO standards, the content in the semen of 4% morphologically perfect enough sperm for fertilization.

If the result of extended semen on this indicator below the reference level - men spend ICSI.

Poor semen analysis suggests that men are problems with conception

Morphology of Kruger

Ideal sperm parameters:

• Oval head.
• The acrosome is> 40% of the total volume.
• The neck is longer head 1.5 on p.
• The tail of the sperm is not twisted, the same thickness.
• The tail is about 10 times longer than the body of the sperm.
• The tail of a right angle to the head.
• In the field of chromatin no vacuoles.

Extended semen analysis can detect and count the pathological forms of male gametes, which are not of reproductive value. Considered inferior male gamete:

1. No tail or head.
2. With vacuoles in chromatin.
3. With head defects.
4. Too small or too large acrosome.
5. With multiple heads.
6. Since defects in the middle of the neck.
7. Containing unusual form chromatin.
8. With tail defects: twisted, short or long, with a wrong angle to the head; having a non-uniform thickness, greater one tails.

Extended semen analysis determines the ratio of morphologically right and wrong sperm, immature gametes are not considered.

No less important parameters

Seminal fluid is studied in the laboratory, for a detailed study of the structure of sperm material is viewed under an electron microscope. The result is decrypted and executed in two documents: the total semen and semen deployed - for Krueger.

Extended version except for morphological evaluation of reproductive performance includes biochemical, determining the presence of biologically important reproductive material for fertilization components: citric acid, proteins, zinc and fructose.

This helps to determine the current state of health of the genital organs, and in particular prostate cancer.

Unfolded spermogramma includes MAP tests determining the presence of antisperm antibodies on spermatozoa which are immunologic incompatibility with sexual partners.

An important addition to advanced analysis of a genetic study to identify abnormalities of DNA cells sperm, which is feasible only in specialized laboratories equipped with modern diagnostic equipment.

In addition to the extended semen man needs to undergo a genetic test that can identify congenital anomalies

Extended embodiment includes spermogrammy study male seed on the following parameters:

Indicators	Norm
sperm coloring	Whitish-gray
period thinners	10-40 minutes
Viscosity	Up to 2 cm
Acidity (pH)	7,2-7,7
round cells	Not> 5 million
leukocytes	Not> 1 million
erythrocytes	Not
sperm agglutination	Not visible
Spermiofagi	not determined
mucus	Not
amyloid body	Not
lecithin grains	visible

Proper preparation - precise results

To obtain reliable results the man should adhere to the following guidelines:

• Up to 4 days before delivery of the analysis should refrain from sexual activity.
• After taking antibiotics to take the ejaculate can be no earlier than two weeks.
• The accuracy of the results may affect alcohol, nicotine, certain medications, and caffeine - this should be taken into account.
• Four days prior to an extended study of reproductive material can not sunbathe, take hot tub and steam bath.

For detailed analysis of the material collected in a sterile labeled containers by masturbation, it is impossible to collect material into the condom, oral stimulation is prohibited to distort the figures may contraceptive lubricant and the microflora of the female vagina.

interpretation of indicators

Deciphering the extended semen will need at least two days after the delivery of the material. The results obtained are compared with reference values ​​recognized by the WHO, it usually does a qualified doctor-andrologist or reproductive system.

Pathology considered:

• Ejaculate volume of less than 1 ml: probable dysfunction gonads.
• Reduced sperm motility.
• Less than 30% viable and suitable for fertilization of gametes.
• A large percentage of sperm with disrupted morphological structure. If defective gametes> 80%, say about the "ugly sperm" to deformities include: macro- and microcephaly, the presence of sperm heads 2, and so forth.. Pathology considered incorrect (acute) angle between the head and tail flagellum.

Detection of leukocytes in the semen and mucus indicates inflammation of the genital organs, which happens at a prostatitis, urethritis, vesicles, orchitis.

The normal red blood cells in the sperm should not be, their presence in the ejaculate explained by the presence of stones in the prostate cancer process or genital trauma.

Unfolded spermogramma can determine the appearance of antibodies, which are also markers such pathology.

where to go

Make advanced semen analysis can be in specialized laboratories, medical centers, dealing with reproduction and modern hospitals, equipped with the necessary equipment.

To obtain reliable results and accurate transcript of the developed indicators for semen the best price, you need to find information about each institution, to compare the prices of package, read the reviews.

Reasonably well to heed the opinion of the attending physician.

Indicators deployed semen over time may significantly change. For accurate results, a study carried out two to three times with two week intervals.

A source: https://egopik.ru/fertilitatem/diagnosis/razvernutaya-spermogramma

Analyzes KDL. semen

Semen - a screening study to assess sperm fertility in males and detection of diseases of the sexual sphere.

Before delivery of semen it is necessary and / or MAR-test call to the lab and to sign up for a specific day and time for the delivery of the analysis.

This analysis can be taken in the offices of the lab, where there is a specially equipped room for the collection of biological material, it is also possible to collect the material at home and bring it to the laboratory on the day and time agreed upon in advance recording.

From the date of collection of the ejaculate before receiving his medical office laboratory should not take more than 1 hour.

In some cases, the semen analysis is usually prescribed?

• Examination of infertility.
• Planning for pregnancy.
• Examination before application of assisted reproductive technologies.

What exactly it is defined in the analysis?

Determined number and motility, the presence of aggregation and / or agglutination count morphologically normal sperm forms, as well as the estimate of the number and location of structural anomalies spermatozoa.

What do the results mean?

The reference values ​​are specified in the form and results are given according to the "WHO Guidelines for Research and treatment of human ejaculate, 5th Edition". The limits of the reference values ​​are based on the performance study of semen samples fertile men, whose partner turned out to be pregnant within 12 months after the end of the protection of pregnancy.

The normal term of the test

Usually the result of research semen ready for 1 day.

Do I need a special preparation for analysis?

For putting semen on the analysis must be complete abstinence from sexual activity from 2 to 7 days, optimally - 3-4 days.

In the days of abstinence is necessary to eliminate use of alcohol, drugs, intense physical activity; you can not go to the bath, a sauna, a hot bath, it is better to eliminate the grueling athletic training, all of which can adversely affect sperm motility. Sperm is collected in a medical office laboratory by masturbation.

It is not allowed to collect semen in a condom, because of the interaction with substances that are processed condom, sperm lose their mobility after 15-20 minutes. It is important that all received during ejaculation sperm fully hit the tank for the collection of biological material.

Collection of material in the home is allowed. When collecting the material at home, the patient must pre-register on a specific date and time in a medical office. Collect material needed immediately prior to delivery to the laboratory.

Conveying ejaculate in a medical office laboratory is necessary at + 20- + 35 C of not more than 1 hour.

You can use a thermos (pre-rinse with warm, not hot! water) or carry the container in direct contact with the body (the armpit).

A source: https://kdl.ru/analizy-i-tseny/spermogramma-1920

Extended semen

For detection of diseases affecting the male reproductive system, appoint different examinations and tests. One of them - extended semen, assesses in detail the composition and quality of semen.

Preparation and submission of analysis

To determine the qualitative composition of the sperm, the man assigned base or unfolded spermogram.

Extended semen - an assessment of the biochemical composition of the ejaculate, the definition in its concentration of fructose, enzymes and other substances, detecting the presence of antibodies, and the base - is necessary during treatment to monitor its efficiency.

To obtain reliable results on semen state, should be prepared for analysis, namely:

1. for 3-4 days to refrain from sexual intimacy;
2. 2 weeks to abandon the use of antibiotics;
3. not less than 1-3 days to not use beverages containing alcohol, caffeine, stop smoking.

On analysis, semen sit in a separate room clinic in special containers, but not in a condom, because of the presence on it of lubricants.

Collect semen is allowed in the home, but only if it will be delivered to the laboratory within 40 - 60 minutes until you change the activity and composition. In this case, the biomaterial should be protected from exposure to sunlight, it can not freeze.

The parameters that allows you to define a detailed semen analysis:

• Sperm acidity, its viscosity, volume and color;
• quantitative composition of spermatozoa in 1 ml of semen motility;
• size, structure sperm, abnormal deviation;
• the content of chemicals (citric acid, fructose, zinc, etc.);
• presence of unusual materials - immature germ cells, the red blood cells.

Such an analysis is especially suitable for diagnosis infertility of unknown origin, if attempts were unsuccessful IVF low quality embryos that are used for transference.

The composition of the sperm

Most of all in the ejaculate contains zinc, which provides the sperm mobility and is the basis for testosterone. Due minerals and vitamins, vasodilation occurs without which muscles genitals can not be reduced. Cum has a complex composition comprising more than 40 components.

That is part of the semen:

1. Minerals - phosphorus compounds, sulfur, copper, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc;
2. vitamins - C, B 12;
3. lemon acid;
4. hormones - testosterone, prolactin and melatonin, serotonin and oxytocin, estrone, cortisol;
5. enzymes;
6. phospholipids and fatty acids;
7. carbohydrates - fructose;
8. nitrogen, urea, purine, bicarbonates;
9. protein.

The concentration of the hormone testosterone depends on men's ability to fertilize. The higher the testosterone, the more chances to normal fertility. Also, the process of fertilization affect lyuteiniziruschie and follicle stimulating hormone.

Enzymes as citric acid, are involved in sperm dilution. With their low concentration increases the viscosity of the semen, which hinders the movement of sperm. Using enzymes regulated by cell respiration and metabolism.

How much protein in semen analysis? In 5 ml of ejaculate is 150 mg protein. Protein in spermogramme enzymatically converted into amino acids: glutamic, glycine, lysine, and others. Their content is on average 0.0125 g / ml.

All the components included in the seminal fluid, to a certain extent, are involved in the fertilization process, provide sperm viability.

deciphering analysis

complex decoding required, as minor deviations do not always indicate the presence of disease.

In normal sperm gray-white color, and within 15 minutes, diluted at room temperature. The optimal rate for fertilization, it is assumed amount of 1.5 to 5 ml.

Semen analysis to determine:

• the consistency and viscosity. When higher viscosity is reduced sperm motility;
• acidity, which should be slightly alkaline. Its increase indicates the presence of an infectious disease;
• the number and motility of sperm. Their low activity indicates the possibility of prostatitis, urethritis, vezekulita, reduces the chances of normal fertilization;
• other cellular elements, or "round cells", which shall contain not less than 5 million per 1 ml;
• sperm agglutination, ie their sticking together. Normally, this state component is absent;
• shape, size, sperm viability. The number of normal spermatozoa should not be less than 20% of the total, and the number of live - at least 60%.

A detailed analysis reveals all the problems in the men's field, to identify infectious and urological diseases at an early stage.

Upon detection of any abnormality, the doctor prescribes the necessary treatment. It is impossible to decide which drugs to take as a medicine.

Improve the poor performance of semen, it is possible if to make adjustments to your diet include garlic menu, avocados, bananas, asparagus, tomatoes, oysters.

A source: https://ekoclinic.ru/spermogramma/rasshirennaya/

Deciphering semen: norm and pathology

Semen - a detailed analysis of sperm needed to evaluate fertility of male germ cells and the detection of infectious diseases of the reproductive organs.

Explanation semen contains information that enables the physician to determine the cause-spermiologu pathology and prescribe the effective treatment.

Semen analysis is based on the index developed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Preparatory stage

Semen - is the result of studies of semen at a time, so the preparation for analysis is of great importance for those who are planning to conceive or a donor.

The complex diagnostic examination of the body to detect dysfunction male genitalia include such tests:

• general blood analysis;
• blood analysis on hormones (testosterone, progesterone, luteinizing, FSH, TSH, prolactin);
• Biochemical analysis of blood (hepatic, renal, rheumatoid sample);
• a swab from the urethra;
• bacteriological investigation of the sperm;
• general urine analysis.

Preparation for semen analysis provides:

1. limit sexual activity for 2-7 days before the expected date of the analysis;
2. rejection of the use of alcohol, tobacco;
3. discontinuation of drugs must be 2 weeks prior to the date of semen (except essential - in consultation with your doctor);
4. Elimination of provoking factors (influence on body heat radiation body hugging wearing underwear).

standards indicators

WHO has developed guidelines, which should be the norm semen. Interpret the results of semen is not only a doctor (spermiolog, andrologist), but also automated devices (sperm quality analyzers).

The error in the performance blamed on human error. To obtain the most accurate information as possible to pass several tests in different clinical settings.

An example of what should be the norm semen according to WHO recommendations given in the table below:

Field of study	Indicators of normal (according to WHO recommendations)	Aberration
The volume of ejaculate	At least 2 ml	Less of this provision or complete lack of
Viscosity	Up to 2 cm	Less than 2 cm
Consistency	viscous	liquid
Turbidity	+	—
erythrocytes	—	+
White blood cells (in sight)	3-4	Exceeding this norm
Slime	—	+
Colour	From whitish-gray to pale yellow hue	Yellow (not always), pink, brown
liquefaction time	From 10 to 40 minutes	Less or more than the specified time
pH	7,2-8	Excess or lowering of said norms
Smell	Specific (spermine)	—
Total number of sperm in t. H. actively motile	More than 40% mln25	Less than 40% 25 mlnMenee
Number of fixed sperm	Less than 50%	Exceeding this norm
Total active - and inactive	More than 50%	Less than 50%
Number of normal spermatozoa in t. H. with normal morphology of the head	Over 50% Over 30%	Less than 50% of said norms
The number of spermatozoa in 1 ml of ejaculate	Of 15 million	An insufficient amount
Aggregation (bonding spermatozoa)	—	+
Spermatogenesis (number undeveloped cells in the field of view)	2 to 4	More 4
antisperm body	Fewer than 50% spermatozoa

The main emphasis in the study of fertility of sperm is put on sperm motility. They are classified in categories:

Category	mechanical trajectory	traveling speed	Mobility
BUT	straightforward	Fast (0.025 mm / s)	Progressive aktivnopodvizhnye
IN	straightforward	The slow (less than 0,025mm / s)	Progressive slabopodvizhnye
FROM	Chaotic (circles)	Missing	Non-progressive-mobile
D	Missing	Missing	Missing

deciphering analysis

When interpreting semen analysis it is important to consult a professional in a specialized medical institution. An experienced specialist will give a detailed description of each indicator. If the resulting semen contains performance standards, re-conduct the procedure is not required.

In the absence of good quality sperm doctor charts therapy individually and explain to the patient or the couple is talking about semen analysis:

• To obtain the most accurate information about ejaculate doctor recommends to pass at least 3-5 ml of semen. This volume of the contents of a teaspoon. Otherwise he would not be able to fully decipher the semen analysis. Special biological value is the first drop of seed. Therefore, it is important to follow all the recommendations spermiologa.
• When the diagnosis is important to eliminate retrograde ejaculation, where the selection of seed occurs in the bladder. In this case, the composition of the urine was further analyzed.
• When evaluating motility doctor pays special attention to the amount of non-viable individuals. If more than 20%, it indicates fertility problems. Such a state is usually caused by an inflammatory process in the body (in the reproductive system).
• When interpreting semen is evaluated during the liquefaction of the seminal fluid. Corresponds to normal controls time up to 60 minutes (the enzymes necessary for cleavage of sperm prostate). If performance is not normal - it is a signal of the gland dysfunction.
• Normal semen parameters indicate sperm color from whitish-gray to yellowish. Sometimes yellow tint appears after taking certain drugs or foods. Sperm are alarming shades from pink to light brown. This is a clear sign of the presence in the semen of red blood cells. They point to the inflammatory genital diseases, including oncological nature.
• Good results do not include the content of semen in the sperm mucus. Norm - its absence. Mucus and pus - clear signs of infectious disease. Studied sperm in this case differs in the increased bonding of sperm.
• Seminal fluid normally has a characteristic peculiar smell spermine. He looks like a scent that emit chestnut flowers. His absence also indicates the quality of the seed of the problem.
• Cum normally has a slightly alkaline reaction. If a pH value greater than 8 units, it may indicate the presence in the test a material of a large number of round cells spermatogenesis, seminal duct blockage, other violations.
• Morphological analysis, called "sperm morphology", gives a detailed description of the quantity and quality of sperm abnormalities in the development of the amount. It is carried out using histological staining dyes. In uncomplicated cases, using hematoxylin. In more complex situations - complex staining (Romanowsky-Giemsa technique, Schorr, smear). Normally, the number of abnormal sperm stained should not exceed 70%.
• WHO recommends at least 2 semen analysis at intervals of two weeks, adhering to the general recommendations of the attending physician.

A source: https://DrLady.ru/diagnostics/analizy-dlja-muzhchin/rasshifrovka-analiza-spermogrammy-chto-ukazyvaet.html

Analysis of semen (sperm). semen

Free consultation andrologist decryption semen can be found on our forum

semen - ejaculate research method for assessing oplodotovoryayuschey ability of male sperm. Semen analysis shows the quantitative, qualitative, morphological sperm parameters.

Semen analysis is performed in a case:

1. Sterile marriage (identifying male factor, semen - male infertility). It called fruitless marriage in which pregnancy does not occur within 1 year of regular sexual intercourse without contraception.
2. Infertility in men (prostatitis, varicocele, infection, trauma, hormonal disorders).
3. Preparation for artificial insemination.
4. Planning pregnancy.
5. Desires men to check their fertility (fertility).

How shall semen?

Material for the study is collected through masturbation. Ejaculate can be brought into a sterile, hermetically sealed container, a heat (or depression in pomyshechnoy incubator at body temperature) for one hour after the testing.

Abstinence before putting the analysis of at least 4 days, but not more than a week. In this period the rejection of thermal treatments, and alcohol. After antibiotics should be at least 2 weeks.

Methods of semen analysis: phase-contrast microscopy, special staining for evaluation of sperm morphology.

Norma semen

• Volume - 2 ml; • Consistency - sticky; • Liquefaction 10-30 min; • Viscosity up to 2 cm; • Color - white and gray; • Smell - specific; • pH 7.2-8.0; • Turbidity - cloudy; • Mucus - is absent; • Number of spermatozoa in 1 ml - 20 mln.- 200 million.; • Total number of sperm per ejaculate - more than 40 Mill.

; • The number of active spermatozoa - more than 25%; • The total number of inactive aktivnopodvizhnyh and - more than 50%; • Fixed sperm - less than 50%; • The absence of agglutination and aggregation; • Number of leukocytes to 1 m; • Normal sperm - more than 50%; • The sperm with normal morphology of the head - more than 30%;

• The cells of spermatogenesis - 2-4.

Deciphering semen, ejaculate classification parameters:

• spermatoschesis - absence of ejaculate, • oligozoospermia - reduction of spermatozoa in the ejaculate (less than 20 million per 1 ml), • azoospermia - absence sperm in the ejaculate, kriptozoospermiya • - the presence of individual sperm cells in the ejaculate after centrifugation, • asthenozoospermia - Decreased mobility sperm,

• theratozoospermia - reduction of normal sperm morphology.

The results of semen

When the results different from the norm, you need 1-2 weeks to pass the sperm again and with the results to see a doctor-andrologist to find the cause of the pathology.

The exception is suspected genital infections, in this case, treatment must start immediately. For example, the impact of prostatitis on the semen analysis is manifested in sperm motility.

Great impact on the quality of sperm have infectious prostatitis (especially caused by infections, sexually transmitted diseases).

Inflammation in the prostate reduces sperm motility, contributing to their agglutination (agglutination due to the presence on the surface sperm bacterial bodies or their metabolic products) and the formation of defective forms (e.g., as a result of poor semen ureaplasmosis).

How to improve semen analysis?

Sometimes you can improve sperm quality by eliminating industrial and household hazards, adjusting normal rhythm of work and rest, you also need to provide good nutrition, regular rhythm of sexual life. It is useful to engage in physical exercises on a daily basis with a focus on exercise, improve pelvic and abdominal muscles.

The most effective in improving semen quality is to treat urological, endocrine diseases and taking certain pharmacological agents. What medications and duration of their admission prescribed by the doctor urologist-andrologist.

Status of spermatogenesis measured by semen analysis (spermiogram)

To get a spermiologicheskogo diagnosis at the time of the ejaculate is necessary to observe the following conditions:

• abstinence from ejaculation for 2-7 days (the optimal duration of 4 days);
• abstinence from alcoholic beverages, including beer, potent drugs (hypnotics and sedatives) during that period;
• refraining from visiting saunas and hot tubs from the reception 2-7 days;

andrology patients often report spermiologichesky diagnosis and handed out semen analysis without a detailed explanation. Patients are a lot of questions: Which of the indicators is not correct, which means that this discrepancy is linked indicators of semen?

We have tried to create for you the table of basic semen parameters with brief comments. The table lists the rules spermiologicheskih WHO indicators (4th edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999 (MEDpress, 2001)), as well as the recommended norm.

We hope that this table will help you better navigate the semen analysis, but note that the results of semen analysis are evaluated comprehensively and correctly interpret them can only be a professional.

Semen parameters, their norms and deviations comment:

of semen	What does indicator	WHO standards	A comment
Recommends emye-contact rules
term abstinence	The number of days of abstinence prior to analysis	2-7 days	Failure to comply with the terms of abstinence analysis result can not be compared with the standard and spermiologichesky diagnosis in this case should be considered invalid. The average time of abstinence are optimal for the study of the ejaculate. Re-analysis should take with the same period of abstinence that first.
3-5 days is optimal - 4 days
volume	The total ejaculate volume.	2 ml, and more	Ejaculate volume less than 2 ml qualifies as mikrospermiya, which in most cases is associated with lack of function * paranasal gonads. The upper limit of the volume of ejaculate WHO Guidelines not limited. However, according to our observations, increasing ejaculate volume greater than 5 ml. often it refers to inflammation of the paranasal gonads.
3-5 ml
Colour	Color ejaculate.	Grayish	Red or brown color indicates the presence of blood, which can be caused by the presence of a tumor in the prostate gland stones or injuries. Yellowish tint may be a variant of norm or indicative of disease jaundice or taking certain vitamins.
White, gray, or yellowish
PH	The ratio of positive and negative ions.	7.2 or more	WHO experts is limited only by the lower pH. However, according to our observations, not only lowering the pH below 7.2, but its increase above 7.8 in most cases, indicates the presence of inflammation in the paranasal gonads.
7,2-7,8
liquefaction time	Time to liquefy semen viscosity standards.	Up to 60 minutes	Longer liquefaction, as a rule, is the result of a long ongoing inflammatory processes in paranasal gonads, e.g. in the prostate (prostatitis), seminal vesicles (vesicles) or enzyme failure. We believe the time thinning one of the most important indicators spermiologicheskih. It is important that sperm as quickly as possible given the opportunity of active movement. With prolonged liquefaction, sperm, moving in a viscous medium, quickly lose their biologically available energy (ATP), longer It is found in the vagina acidic environment which greatly reduces their mobility and hence their ability to fertilization.
Up to 60 minutes
The viscosity (consistency)	The viscosity of the ejaculate. It measured in centimeters thread in which it is formed into a drop and separates from the pipette or special needle.	Small individual droplets (2 cm).	The reasons for the increase in viscosity the same as the time increases liquefaction. The WHO Guidelines are no clear rules on semen viscosity. Said only the following: "In a normal ejaculate, emerging from a pipette, forms small individual drops, and a sample with pathological forms a thread viscosity greater than 2 cm." We believe that the drop of a normal liquefied semen should not extend more than 0.5 cm., Since according to our Observations fertility patients sperm viscosity exceeds 0.5 cm., and especially of 2 cm., substantially reduced.
0.1-0.5 cm
sperm density	The number of spermatozoa in 1 ml. ejaculate.	20 Mill. and more	Increase or decrease sperm density is defined as polizoospermiya or oligozoospermia respectively. The upper limit of normal sperm density index of WHO experts is not limited. However, according to our observations, the increase in sperm density above 120 Mill. / Ml, in most cases, combined with their low fertility and ability in many patients subsequently replaced oligozoospermia. Therefore, we believe that patients with polizoospermiey need dynamic observation. Reasons for change in sperm density is not fully understood. It is believed that they are due to endocrine disorders, disorders of blood flow in organs scrotum, toxic or Radiation effects on the testicle (spermatogenesis enhancing or depressing), inflammatory processes, and rarely - violations Immunity.
20-120 million.
Total Sperm	Sperm density multiplied by the volume.	40 million. and more	The reasons for non-conformity are the same as in the previous paragraph.
From 40 to 600 million.
sperm Motility	Ability to move. Evaluated by 4 main groups: 1. Actively-moving with rectilinear motion (A) 2. Nye slow-moving with a rectilinear movement (B) 3. Slow-moving-WIDE with oscillatory or rotary motion (C) 4. Fixed (D)	Type A> 25%, or A + B> 50% after 60 min. after ejaculation	Decreased mobility of sperm called asthenozoospermia. Causes of asthenozoospermia not completely clear. It is known that asthenozoospermia may be a consequence of radiation or toxic effects, inflammatory or immunological factors. Also, it has a value, and ecological conditions. Asthenozoospermia often seen in people working at elevated temperature (cook, attendant, employee of "hot shop", etc.).
Type A> 50%, Type B - 10-20% Type C - 10-20% type D - 10-20% after 60 min. after ejaculation
Morphology	Content of the ejaculate sperm with normal structure and fertility.	More than 15%	There is no consensus of experts as a matter of evaluating the morphology of sperm, and on the content of the standard values ​​of normal sperm in the ejaculate. Therefore, evaluation of sperm morphology - one of the most subjective and controversial topics in spermiologicheskom study. Typically morphologically normal sperm is 40-60%. In Russia, the diagnosis teratospermia, ie "Ugly sperm" is placed in cases where the number of spermatozoa having normal structure is less than 20%. Worsening of the morphological indicators often temporary and occurs under stress, toxic effects, and others. Also, the morphological pattern of the ejaculate is largely dependent on the environmental situation in the region of the patient's residence. As a rule, the number of pathological forms is increasing among residents of industrial areas.
More than 20%
Live sperm (sometimes - dead sperm)	The content of live sperm in the ejaculate as a percentage.	More than 50%	The contents in the ejaculate more than 50% dead sperm called nekrospermiey. Nekrospermiya, as well as the morphology of deterioration, often of a temporary nature. Possible causes nekrospermii - poisoning, infection, stress, and others. Long existing nekrospermiya evidence of severe disorders of spermatogenesis.
More than 50%
spermatogenic cells (immature germ cells)	Spermatogenesis cells - are cells of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules testicular.	No interest rules	There are in each ejaculate. A significant number of cells in spermatogenesis amount (desquamation of the epithelium), occurs in the secretory form of infertility.
Up to 2%
sperm agglutination	Agglutination of sperm - sperm is bonding with each other, which prevents their forward movement.	Normally, there should be no	True agglutination is rare and indicates violations in the immune system. It is necessary to distinguish the true from the sperm agglutination aggregation. Unlike units with true agglutination glued only sperm and "sockets" do not contain cellular elements.
Normally, there should be no
leukocytes	White blood cells. There always.	* 1 106 (3-4 in a standard field of view)	The excess of the norm suggests the presence of inflammation in the genitals (prostatitis, vesicles, orchitis, urethritis, etc.).
* 1 106 (3-4 in a standard field of view)
erythrocytes	Red blood cells.	Normally, there should be no	The presence of red blood cells in the sperm may be associated with tumors, trauma genital presence of stones in the prostate, vesiculitis. Alarming symptom that requires serious attention!
Normally, there should be no
amyloid corpuscles	Formed as a result of stagnation of prostate secretion in its various sections. The number is not counted.	WHO standards is not	Denoted as "presence / absence (+/-)". Amyloid corpuscles are not currently available in many patients, suggesting a decrease in the prostate gland.
there are no standards
lecithin grains	Produced by the prostate gland. The number is not counted.	WHO standards is not	Denoted as "presence / absence (+/-)". A small amount of lecithin grains testifies to decrease in the prostate gland.
there are no standards
Slime	The information contained in the ejaculate mucus.	WHO standards is not	May be present in the norm. Large amounts of mucus indicates possible inflammation of the accessory genital glands.
there are no standards

* To a subordinate gonads include prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper's gland and others.

Norms of semen referred to in WHO guidelines and recommended us, in some cases different.

Let us try to argue our position.

1. Proposed by the World Health Organization standards semen parameters were developed by averaging collected from various countries of the world statistics. At the same time, in different regions, as a rule, the average indicators of ejaculate spermiologicheskie men are different. Moreover, these differences can be significant.
2. The authors of the WHO Guidelines "consider preferable to define their own reference values ​​for each of semen for each laboratory."
3. Our proposed rules ejaculate parameters were derived from studies conducted in the Clinical Center of Andrology and transplantation endocrine glands under the guidance of Professor I.D.Kirpatovskogo published works of Russian experts and our laboratory and clinical experience.

A study of ejaculate - is one of the most subjective of laboratory tests, and its result - semen analysis is largely dependent on the skill level spermiologa.

In some organizations, for the study of the ejaculate is widely used special devices - Sperm. We are convinced that the semen analysis, performed on the machine have to be duplicated spermiologa study because machines can be "confused" some morphological structure between a. For example, sperm heads and smaller leukocytes.

In conclusion, it should be noted that none of the standard indicators of the ejaculate does not specify the minimum value at which pregnancy is possible.

Free consultation andrologist decryption semen can be found on our forum

A source: https://medicalj.ru/diacrisis/andrology-test/516-spermogram