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Causes of development of oligophrenia and manifestation of the disease at various stages

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Contents:

  • Etiological factor
  • Classification of oligophrenia
  • Manifestations of oligophrenia
  • Conclusion

Stages of oligophrenia Oligophrenia is called dementia. Pathology manifests itself in the lack of intelligence, underdevelopment of the psyche and personality. It should be noted that children with a temporary developmental delay in somatic diseases or inadequate upbringing are not considered oligophrenic. Diagnosis and stages of oligophrenia are based on the corresponding clinical picture. According to many experts, mental retardation is detected in 3% of the world's population, of which 75% have an easy degree.

Etiological factor

The causes of oligophrenia are divided into:

  1. Hereditary.
  2. Outer.
  3. Aggregate.

To date, more than 300 hereditary diseases have been identified, which are accompanied by oligophrenia. Every fifth child suffers from severe forms of mental retardation. It is proved that the more superfluous X-chromosomes, the harder the pathology. Among all the hereditary forms of backwardness, more than 80 varieties of diseases with a metabolic disorder are known. Heavy forms of hereditary dementia are found in children born in a consanguineous marriage.

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To external causes of mental retardation include:

  • the effect of ionizing radiation;
  • alcohol dependence of the mother;
  • infectious and viral diseases;
  • intoxication;
  • violation of placental circulation;
  • cardiovascular failure of the mother;
  • of the liver and kidneys of the mother;
  • late toxicosis;
  • hormonal disorders in pregnant women with endocrine pathologies;
  • teratogenic effect of some drugs on the fetus;
  • immunologic incompatibility of blood of mother and fetus;
  • birth injury;
  • asphyxia during childbirth.

Oligophrenia after childbirth may develop after neuroinfections( meningitis, encephalitis), severe infectious diseases with prolonged course, trauma to the skull.

Important! The clinical picture depends not so on the cause and intensity of the impact of damaging factors, both on the development of the fetus in different periods.

Classification of oligophrenia

Three degrees of oligophrenia are distinguished:

  1. Idiot.
  2. Imbecility.
  3. Debility.

The disease is divided into 2 large groups:

  1. Primary( hereditary forms of oligophrenia).
  2. Secondary.

secondary group includes mental retardation caused by endocrine disorders, brain trauma, eating disorders, infectious diseases and poisonings. All forms of the disease by origin are divided into 3 main groups:

  1. Endogenous origin: Down's disease, microcephaly;Metabolic disorders and development of the osseous system and skin.
  2. Development of the disease during pregnancy and after childbirth: trauma, asphyxia, infectious diseases.
  3. Embryopathy and fetopathy. There are mothers with infectious diseases( rubella, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, syphilis).May be due to metabolic disturbances in the mother's body during pregnancy or when the blood group of the mother and child is incompatible.

Manifestations of oligophrenia

The most serious disease is considered to be in the idiocy. Patients are helpless and need constant care and supervision. Mental development stops at an age not exceeding three years. Speech in patients is not developed, in some cases limited to a few words. However, patients can respond to intonation.

Patients do not have the skills of meaningful actions, they can not service themselves. Without supervision, they make similar movements or remain immobile. They can remain in constant psychic arousal.

Memory in idiocy is weak or missing. Often, patients do not recognize relatives. Emotions manifest only in a state of pleasure and dissatisfaction. Usually they express their state primitively. At the stage of discontent, they can scream, bite, scratch or beat themselves.

Patients develop perverted drives. They can be very voracious, bite or suck everything that comes their way. To the underdevelopment of the psyche, physical developmental anomalies are often attached.

Oligophrenia in the degree of imbecility Oligophrenia in the degree of imbecility refers to pathologies of moderate severity. In such patients speech and mental functions are more developed. Mental development remains at the child's level 3-7 years. Therefore, elementary actions of self-care for imbicability can be made by patients.

Imbecility is primitive. Imbits can eat on their own, they are able to orient in ordinary everyday situations. They can learn some elementary knowledge, are very attached to their relatives, can show empathy and easily succumb to good examples.

Important! It should be borne in mind that with imbecility, patients are prone to suggestion and antisocial behavior of .

Oligophrenia in the degree of debility refers to the mild form of mental underdevelopment. Such patients are trained according to a special program. They can master some labor skills. Mental development in patients stops at the age of 12 years.

The severity of the flow is distinguished by several degrees of pathology:

  • is light;
  • is moderate;
  • deep.

With oligophrenia in the stage of debility, children can learn speech skills. The behavior of patients is adequate, independence is manifested. However, self-control is weakly expressed, unconsidered and impulsive actions are manifested. In general, with debility in an easy degree, the mental retardation with age becomes less noticeable if the child is enrolled in special schools. Such children can adapt to different conditions.

Conclusion

Different types of oligophrenia and forms are constantly increasing. Depending on the severity of the lesion, patients either can adapt to life, or remain incapacitated for life. Such patients need constant care and supervision. Mental retardation in children can be prevented, even during mother's pregnancy. For this purpose, women should be constantly screened and under constant monitoring of the obstetrician-gynecologist.

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