Mental disorders

Mental disorders are a subgroup of mental illnesses that put a huge number of symptoms on their compound lists. Mankind has always looked for the need to cognize, as if realizing itself and realized it through various naturalistic methods, and comparing our knowledge of the physical body, our bodies and the totality of their systems, we can declare that these knowledge are enormous. Mankind, having an endless capital and not being guided by the laws of ethics, is able to solve, that is, get rid of, practically from all sorts of pathology. But about the psyche such can not be approved by any specialist, our brain is known very partially, while the spheres of influence on the brain were taken up by a lot of specialists, which naturally affects the rendering of assistance. The functional itself, that is, this conversation, recognition, tactile feelings, understanding of speech, are engaged in neurology. Neuroscientists take care of the normal psyche, trying to preserve it and even multiply it. Psychiatrists also deal with disorders in this area. Psychotherapists seem to unite the role of psychologist and psychiatrist. They can often be needed by almost every individual who tries to understand only his troubling problems.

What is a mental disorder?

Mental disorders are diseases that develop in the malfunction of the psychic sphere. Since ancient times mankind has noticed that some people are very different from others. Many noticed that some of these "strange" can be very dangerous and they were expelled from the cities. And other more quiet people, but no less insane, worshiped and presented gifts, considering them deities. At the same time, the attitude to mental disorders during the antiquity was sufficiently pragmatic, they tried to study it at the opportunity, and if it was impossible to understand, they came up with explanations.

Many scientists took part in the study of these pathologies, it was then that epileptic seizures, melancholy, as a prototype of modern depression and friction, were first revealed. Later in different centuries to mentally ill people used diametrically different techniques. For example, during the Middle Ages and the Inquisition, people were simply burned for some "irregularities" in behavior, then many individuals with mental disorders died. But on the Slavic lands to the mentally ill in those days there was no bad attitude, they were kept at the monasteries with the money of tithing, which was going on the church. At that time, Arab countries made a huge leap towards the mentally ill, it was there that they first opened a psychiatric hospital and even tried to treat patients with herbs. People have long been frightened by the realization that someone hears unheard voices that are not accessible to anyone. For a long time such things have inspired the otherworldly fear and even now mental disorders become a byword. Horror films about psychiatric hospitals, killer psychopaths and news have done their job, and probably the most unfair rumors are spreading about psychiatry in comparison with all medical branches.

But it's worth returning to the history of mental disorders. After a difficult period for all mankind, the Middle Ages came Renaissance. It was during the rebirth Pinel and many other truth lovers first realized that keeping people on the chain, even mentally ill, it is at least inhuman. It was then that they began to create hospitals. One of the first to create a hospital - a shelter for the insane and called it Bedlam. It was from this name that the well-known word "bedlam" came to us, in terms of a mess. After the Renaissance, the scientific period of psychiatry began, when patients began to explore and understand the causes and similar things. And it is worth noting - very successful. Let much has changed, and new diagnoses have appeared, but the old school of psychiatry remains relevant and in demand. This is due to the chic and detailed descriptions of clinical cases. Now psychiatric disorders only increase, regardless of the standard of living, and the reasons for this will be described in the relevant chapters.

Psychiatry comes from the Greek "psycho", which means the soul, and "atria," which translates as a cure. A psychiatrist is one of the few doctors who treat the soul. There are a lot of methods for this, and each will pick up his own. Respect must be the main regularity in relation to individuals with mental disorders. It is worth remembering that every individual, irrespective of the disease, remains invariably human, like the others, and deserves appropriate treatment. Most individuals tend to be shielded from such patients, it is often possible to hear advice so that the patient takes himself in hand. It is important that relatives realize that an individual with a mental disorder is not always able to meet expectations and needs support. But this does not mean that the individual must be belittled, because these people simply have certain characteristics that are alien to others.

List of mental disorders

Mental disorders, invariably and close to diseases of any genesis, can be subdivided into many subtypes, the most important classifier for them is ICD 10. But before sorting out different types by classifier, one should remember about the main divisions of mental disorders.

All mental disorders can be treated at three different levels:

• The psychotic level is the most serious illness that has the most dangerous psychiatric symptoms in its entirety.

• A neurotic level does not pose a danger to others, such a person "eats" himself.

• There is also a border level - these are things that are within the competence of many specialists. Separately, it is possible to endure also psycho-organic symptoms, since they can have completely their own characteristics.

All psychopathology belongs to category F from 0 to 99.

The first in the list of psychiatric disorders are organic disorders numbered from 0 to 9. They are grouped by the apparent presence of organic, even in cases of their symptomatic, i.e., transient. This numerous subgroup includes dementia with a violation of a variety of cortical functions. These pathologies include Alzheimer's disease, as well as Pick's disease.

Mental disorders, which in their composition are leading to disorders of the behavioral circle, can be associated with various psychoactive substances that are taken by individuals. This subgroup refers to F 10-19.It includes not only psychoses associated with taking alcohol or any other substances, but also psycho-psychosis, as well as all the states emerging from it.

Schizophrenia, as a form of thinking disorder. To this group also belong schizotypic states. Delusional disorders are also included in this group due to productive symptoms, namely delusional ideas. This subgroup is correlated with the numbers Ф 20-29.

Disorder disorders in a more modern classification sound like affective disorders, migrate to F 30 to 39.

Neuroses and neurotic states are associated with stressors, as well as somatoform, that is, associated with somatic disorders. To such an extensive subgroup include phobic, anxious, obsesivno-compulsive, dissociative disorder, response to stressors. Of these, those disorders that affect behavioral aspects are excluded, since they are included in other headings.

From F 50 to F 59 include behavioral syndromes that include in their compound chain physiological disorders, that is, a circle of instincts, needs and physical influences. All these syndromes lead to disruption of normal body functions, such as sleep, nutrition, intimate cravings, and overwork. In a mature, not youthful age, after 40, personality disorders, as well as behavioral disorders, can also form. This includes specific personality disorders, as well as mixed forms, which in addition to personality disturb other than other personality disorders.

Mental retardation from F 70 to F 79 is manifested as a state of retarded mental development. These figures have identification, which depends on the form, the degree of mental retardation. They are also identified, depending on whether there are any violations of behavior or lack of behavior.

From F 80 to F 89 include violations of psychological development. These psychosyndromes are characteristic for children's age categories and manifest themselves in speech disorders, motor function, psychological development.

Emotional range of disorders and behavioral aspects are most often from childhood and this is completely different from the rest of the group, belonging to category F 90-98.This is a variety of behavioral disorders that lead to problems in society due to the connection with social maladjustment. They also include tics and hyperkinetic conditions.

The last in any group of diseases are unspecified disorders, and in our case it is a mental disorder F 99.

Causes of mental disorders

Mental disorders have many underlying causes, which is due to the diversity of groups, that is, all pathologies can be caused by a variety of things. And given the symptomatology, it is certain that the same symptomatology can lead to irreparable, but similar in structure to their outcomes. But at the same time it is caused by completely diverse factors, which sometimes aggravates the diagnosis.

An organic group of mental disorders is caused by organic factors, which are numerous in psychiatry. If there is a psychiatric symptomatology, then any, even indirect, organic matter is taken into account. The cause of such disorders are head injuries. If the diagnosis exhibits TBT, then you can expect a lot of symptomatic things.

Many brain diseases also lead to similar consequences, especially when improper docking. Very dangerous in this regard, complications of influenza, also the final stages of HIV with the addition of dementia. In addition, virtually all of the "childhood" infectious diseases in adults lead to irreparable consequences in the brain: chicken pox, like all herpetic infections can give serious encephalitis. Measles also has similar serious complications, such as panencephalitis. In general, meningitis and encephalitis of any etiology carry a danger to the brain with subsequent development of organics. Sometimes such pathology can be formed after strokes, vascular diseases and endocrinological disorders, as well as with encephalopathies of different genesis. Systemic diseases: vasculitis, lupus, rheumatism can also involve the brain in the process over time, burdening the person with psychiatric symptoms. To the reasons of similar genesis also it is possible to carry neurological diseases with demyelination.

Taking psychoactive substances also leads to mental disorders. This is due to several methods of influence of psycho-substances on the brain. The first is the formation of dependence, which leads to some kind of personal change and shows the worst features of the person. Also, any drug is a toxin that directly affects the neurons and leads to irreparable consequences, consistently killing the will and intellect. This includes energy, although it is not prohibited substances. Also, alcohol, cannabis, hemp, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, LSD, hallucinogen mushrooms, amphetamine. Toxicomania also carries a considerable danger, especially considering that the toxic effect of such substances is much higher. Also, the withdrawal syndromes and the general negative impact on the body, which eventually lead up to encephalopathy with all the consequences, are also dangerous for mental disorders.

It is worth pointing out that a serious cause of many disorders can be heredity. Many mental disorders already have a certain genetic location and can be identified if necessary. In addition to heredity, social factors play a role, in particular, the family's full value, adequate upbringing and the right conditions for the growing up of the baby. Endogenous pathologies in their original cause always have neurotransmitter disorders, which is successfully taken into account in treatment. Neurotic pathologies usually take their origins from childhood, but still a provocateur of a significant group of pathologies is stress, it leads to malfunctions in the defense systems of the psyche.

Many pathologies can lead to subsequent physiological failures, in particular, asthenia, physical and moral exhaustion, and infectious diseases. Some diseases are the result of constitutional features and factors of relationships with others. Many pathologies of this spectrum can come from a behavioral model.

Children's pathologies go from the womb of the mother, as well as the actual maternal health. To them belong such possible provoking factors as multiple pregnancies, perinatal infections, harmful maternal habits. Also in this regard, injuries, unsuccessful birth assistance and obstetrical problems, as well as poor physical health of the mother and the presence of her venereal diseases are dangerous. Also in childhood, the cause may be a biological delay in development.

Symptoms and Signs of Mental Disorders

The description of mental disorders is very diverse due to the many spheres that are capable of undergoing these pathologies.

Detailed description of mental disorders is most conveniently carried out for violations of different mental systems:

• Feelings, sensations and perceptions. To disturbances of sensations, in the sense of a simple display of the stimulus, is the violation of their strength. This includes hyperesthesia - a subjective or, in the case of neurological pathology, an objective enhancement of sensations. Opposite to her is hypoesthesia. Anesthesia - these lack of sensitivity, complete loss of it, happens not only for mental disorders, but also for anesthesia. These groups are still more characteristic for people with normal psyche and are at each of us. But senestopathy has a more specific pathology, characteristic of many psychosyndromes. It is characterized by polymorphism, that is, the individual is not able to identify the exact localization of such strange pains. In this case, the character of the pains is pretentious and has a burdensome character. Such pains are persistent and not correlated with any somatic disorder, and their projections are very atypical. Further from a symptomatology it is necessary to pay attention to disturbances of perception, to them belong illusions are changes, a curvature of really existing object of perception. Illusions are not only in pathologies, when they are called mental, but also normal, for example, physical deceptions of perception. As a subspecies of illusory disorders it is necessary to designate a psychosensory disorder. To him belong metamorphopsia, violations of the body scheme. Hallucinations are a perception of the truly absent, their species are numerous and normally they do not exist. They are divided by analyzers and by types and have specific features, for example, division into true and pseudo. It depends on the projection: the first - outward, and the second - inside.

• Description of mental disorders also includes emotional and volitional spheres. Emotions can be pathologically enhanced: hypertension, moria, euphoric sensations, ecstasy, mania. Mania can be different: the sun is characterized by kindness;Angry - excessive irritation;Expansive with re-evaluation of opportunities, a jump in ideas and confused with thinking disorders. Negative emotions can also increase pathologically, such conditions include: hypotension, depression, as opposed to mania. There are also several such states: disturbing with a huge level of anxiety;Apathetic with complete immobility;Masked, manifested by somatic symptoms. Some mental disorders are characterized by a pathological weakening of emotions, by the type of apathy, coldness and emotional dullness. There are violations of emotional stability, often in demented patients, for example, lability, explosiveness, emotional weakness, incontinence, emotional inertia. Also, emotions may be inadequate to the situation and even ambiguous. Different phobias, turning into obsessive, can also stain the background of the disease. Will and instincts are violated in long-term processes and fall into the category of hard-to-fix problems: the will can intensify or weaken. Food, intimate spheres and instinct of self-preservation can be broken.

• Description of mental disorders also includes a section of thinking. Disorders of his thinking can be unproductive and productive. The most famous of the mental problems are delusions, this is a very dangerous symptom, forcing the individual to various actions. Thought disorders also include overvalued and obsessive ideas. Memory, intellect and even consciousness can suffer from such persons, especially this is typical for individuals with dementia and similar pathologies.

Types of Mental Disorders

Mental disorders by subspecies can be divided into two large groups: exogenous, coming from outside, and endogenous. Exogenous genesis of the disorder is formed from the outside, that is, the root cause of such a pathology lies in life moments. This can be trauma, abuse, exhaustion of the body, disease, infection. Endogenous disorders imply a problem in the person, it is a kind of consonant endogenous diseases, which are of genetic innate nature.

Neuropsychiatric disorders take the formation due to the individual life regimen, forcing the individual to undergo stress. Excessive haste drains individuals, leading to unpleasant effects. Neuropsychiatric disorders do not lead a person to madness, but still make an impressive disruption in the body systems.

Neuropsychiatric disorders have several pathologies in their composition:

- Neurasthenia, as a pathology with a clearly preceding psychotrauma. Further, the sleep gradually deteriorates, knocking out the individual from the rut of life. Later, in addition to irritation and fatigue, there is persistent somatics, such as nausea, such problems with the gastrointestinal tract, lack of appetite, but the quality of life falls.

- Obsessive states are also one of similar forms, forcing the individual to constantly remain fixated on some thought or action. It is worth noting that this pathology includes not only thoughts and actions, but also memories and fears.

Neuropsychiatric disorders also include hysteria, a form of disorder that delivers still more trouble to others. The individual enjoys his theatricality and pretentiousness. The clinic in hysterics is very polymorphic, which is associated mainly with the personality: someone stomps feet, others curl up in a hysteroid arc and fight in cramps, and some even lose their voice.

It is possible to designate such a subspecies as severe psychiatric disorders, mainly endogenous and organic pathologies. They always have consequences and disable the individual.

Criminal mental disorders are not a separate subspecies of disorders, in fact if an individual with a mental disorder commits a crime, then this will be a criminally-psychotic disorder. Criminal psychiatric disorders require confirmation of forensic psychiatrists with expertise. This disorder is assessed in this way: if at the time of committing a crime an individual is considered sane, then he is fully responsible for his crime. Criminally mental disorders in individuals who are recognized as non-judiciary do not require a prison sentence, but involuntary psychiatric treatment. In some cases, it is so difficult to determine, that a stationary examination is required.

Mental disorders in children are different from adult contingent. They can manifest themselves at different ages, depending on the pathology. Delayed development to three years, schizophrenia at the age of closer to adolescence, epilepsy in complex currents of the sickness is possible from the first month. Mental disorders in children are characterized by the severity of the flow, which is due to the unformed nervous system, on which the imprint of the sickness is superimposed.

Treatment of mental disorders

There are many methods of arresting psychiatric pathologies. One of the rarely used, and in some countries, methods of active biological therapy are prohibited.

Insulinocomatous, atropine comatose, pyrogenic, where the same name preparations and temperature method are used to introduce an individual into remission.

Electroconvulsive therapy is also effective and is used when different methods of treatment for patients with different mental disorders are ineffective.

Craniocerebral hypothermia, in contrast to the pyrogenic method, uses cooling of the brain tissue, in some cases it can even be done with improvised means.

From medications for different groups different means with different effects are used. Tranquilizers have a retarding effect due to the potentiation of GABA: benzodiazepines, nidefinmethanes, nibuderones, nicarbamic and benzyl acids. Tranquilizers have an "addictive" effect, so they are not used for a long time in mentally retarded individuals. These include: Meprobamate, Andaxin, Elenium, Librium, Tazepam, Nosapam, Nitrazepam, Radedorm, Eunotin, Mebicar, Trioxazine, Diazepam, Valium, Seduxen, Relanium.

Neuroleptics, in addition to their sedative and sedative effects, have a major antipsychotic effect, that is, they can remove productive symptoms in patients, naturally used in the psychotic spectrum. Typical antipsychotics useful for rapid sedation and withdrawal of psychomotor agitation are used: Haloperidol, Triftazin, Stelocin, Pimozid Orap, Flushpiren imap, Pinfljuridol semap, Chlorprotixen, Chlorpromazine, Leaomepromazine, Aminazine, Propazin, Tarakten, Tizercin.

Atypical antipsychotics are used as maintenance therapy, because among other things can have a stimulating effect, which is so necessary for individuals in the Apat-Abulian state. They include Neuleptil, Azaleptin, Sulpiride, Carbidine, Metherazine, Mazeptil, Etaperazine, Trivalon, Frenolone, Trisedil, Eglonil, Teralen, Sonapax, Meller, Azapin, Clozapine.

Antidepressants have an effect only on the pathologically reduced mood, without affecting the normal, so do not become addictive. They include: Amitriptyline, Triptysol, Elavil, Floracizil, Pyrazedol, Azafen, Oxylidine Melipramil, Tiofranil, Anafranil, Nuredal, Nialamid.

A separate group of drugs that are used for many pathologies are psychostimulants. They are designed to relieve fatigue and activation: Sidnokarb, Stimuloton, Sidnofen.

Normotimiki normalize the mood, they are used in BAP, as a cover that does not allow phase inversion: Lithium carbonate, oxybutyrate, retard, and also Depakin, Valprokom.

Means of metabolic therapy, by the type of nootropics, improve the mnestic functions: Aminalon, Acephan, Pyracetam, Pyraditol, Gamalon, Lucidril, Nootropil.

Mental disorders in children are stopped by age, it is important to pay attention to age-related crises. It is important to remember that continuous treatment without need will adversely affect development. Dosage and drugs are chosen softer. It is important not to lose sight of maintenance therapy and correct the dosage in time. To maintain the effect of excellent depot preparations: Monito depot, Haloperidol Decaate, Fluorphenazine deconaate, Piportil, Flushpyrilene, Penfljuridol.

From psychotherapeutic techniques, in some pathologies, suggestive therapy, narcosis, psychoanalysis, behavioral methods, autogenous relaxation, work therapy, sociotherapy and art therapy are excellent.

Mental Disorders Test

Doctors usually define mental health through conversation. The individual talks about himself, about his complaints, about his ancestors. In this case, the doctor notes heredity, looks at the structure of thinking, speech formulation, behavior. If the patient behaves cautiously, it is possible to assume psycho products.

Memory and intelligence is also defined in the conversation and responds or does not meet life's experience. Attention is drawn to facial expressions, weight, appearance and neatness. All this allows you to add the first picture, reveal suspicions and think over further research.

In general, in addition to the usual conversation, a lot of tests of different forms and types are used:

• For depression, this is the Beck test, PNA 9 and similar small questionnaires that allow monitoring the dynamics.

• For anxiety, which is in the structure of all mental disorders, apply the Spielberger test.

• For the intellect, there is the Mokko test, the MMCE, which also checks the memory. For memory there is also a test of remembering ten words. In addition, diagnostic criteria are necessarily used to identify the problem and clearly formulate a diagnosis.

• Attention research methods include: Schulte table, Landolph test, proof-reading test, Riesz lines.

• The red black Gorbov table helps to determine the switching of attention.

• Munsterberg and Kraepelin, with their search for words in the merged text and deduction.

• Assays for associative memory, memorization of artificial syllables, Beck's visual retention test and pictogram technique.

• For the diagnosis of thinking, the pictogram technique, the methodology of card classification and decoding of proverbs, as well as the elimination of superfluous, the establishment of sequences, the definition of signs, the establishment of analogies and complex analogies, and the method of naming 50 words are also applicable.

• To test intelligence, we use Wexler and Raven tests, as well as mini Koch, drawing watches and a battery of frontal dysfunction.

• Questionnaires for temperament and character are also used: Eysenck, Ruzanova, Shlyalo, Shmisheka.

• A large test of MMPI to determine personality characteristics. And also the clinical scale of PANS.