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Mental retardation

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Mental retardation is a reduction in the intellectual capacity scale, which is due to innate factorial moments. Mental retardation is exposed to three years, after three it is already dementia. Classification is not so in vain, because it is common that up to 3 years the intellect is still able to reach the marginal normative indices and in the generality of the child it is not always possible to determine it methodically early enough, because the stages of development have quite large time ranges.

The level of mental retardation often varies greatly and persons with mild forms of it are able to engage in simple activities. An important criterion in the selection of the regime is the violation of behavior.

Mental retardation: what is it?

Mental retardation has an origin from the Greek language and the translation is absolutely obvious, namely it has a literal translation as a lack of mind, from the phrase a small mind.

Mental retardation is a congenital pathology, there are no acquired forms, it is this most important criterion of the resolution of mental retardation. Mentality with such manifestations is developing inadequately, it always manifests itself at an early age of up to three years. Intellect is broken inadequately in the context of the development of the psyche. All this comes down to disturbances in the brain and quickly socially de-adapts the patient. At the same time, all functioning is delayed and social adaptation is quickly disadvan- taged. Often, mental retardation can affect a variety of life spheres, mainly has manifestations in the relationship of the mental part, but can affect the volitional and instinctual sphere, as well as with regard to emotional aspects. Patients are often unable to maintain a rational emotional willpower. Often motor skills may be disrupted, which greatly embarrasses the employment of such persons.

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For the first time the term oligophrenia was suggested by Krepelin, as well as many other manifestations in psychiatry. He first described the case of his patient, and after that the outstanding Russian psychiatrists were engaged, Korsakov described Maria Petrov with microcephaly, which is described in depth in his eponymous monograph on microcephalus. The significance of such a pathology, especially with borderline intelligence, has a difference between mental retardation and pedagogical neglect. It is important to understand that dementia is the fall of the intellect from, at least, the boundary norm, but the oligophrenia is its initial underdevelopment. And in assessing the extent of the role plays out social adaptation, and even in this number is the process's lack of completeness.

The ability to fully track such pathologies is not possible, because light forms are often skipped, due to the easy learningability of such individuals for simple physical works. Often, local specificities in remote villages are perfectly suitable for living with mental retardation. Distribution is considerable: up to 10 people per thousand people, with 69% being mild, the rest 31% to moderate and only 0.12% to deep. Women of this pathology are less prone, in percentage terms it is about 1.7 men to 1 woman.

Causes of mental retardation

Mental retardation is quite common and, despite the similarity of the clinic, its causes are so diverse that you often marvel at it. At the same time, there is not even a direction that should be given priority attention due to the fact that the factors of provocation can be found both with external influence, as well as with many internal pathologies. Individual groups sharply and complexly affect the mental development of the baby, and others only partially. The influence of any underlying cause should be in the mother's uterine womb, in the process of the sacrament of birth or in the first 3 years of the life cycle of the individual.

The most common intoxication processes, their influence, undoubtedly, has a significant negative impact as a root cause. When the baby is still in the womb, taking drugs, especially antibiotics, antihelminthic, cytostatics, monoclonal antibodies, anesthetics, many neuroleptics, sleeping pills and many others, can lead to a teratogenic effect, followed by the development of many pathologies and mental retardation. To exogeny also belongs to alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, intoxications during infections are also able to do so.

Many pathologies of the mother have a strong influence on the development of parts of the fetus, the so-called now widespread TORCH infections, to them belong: rubella, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis and others. It is especially dangerous to get infected with this pathology during pregnancy, and to have an acute form of these pathologies, since almost all viruses pass the placental hematological barrier and have the ability to affect the fetus.

In some cases, complications of colds, any bacterial, scarlet fever, and viral, and especially new, newly detected viruses can lead to similar consequences. Chronic pathologies in the mother also lead to a similar outcome, due to incorrect metabolism, severe dystrophy with decreased blood filling and general body forces. Often, mental retardation provokes heart failure, diabetes.

Gynecological problems that subsequently develop into obstetric can also relate to underlying causes. Incorrect development of the placenta, placenta aging, placental abruption, multiple pregnancy with a pathological course, many or little water.

In case of traumatic expressive lesions during pregnancy, accident, fall, attack, beating, as well as in childbirth with nuances and complications, with clinically narrowed and narrow pelvis, miscarriage of labor, use of traumatic methods of obstetrics, obstetric forceps, excessive pressure on the skullWith rapid childbirth or long-term may also develop this pathology. The use of anesthesia during labor with the development of hypoxia is also able to develop such a state, as well as fetal hypoxia, often up to its ischemia. Hypoxic lesions have a severe recovery.

Among hereditary factors, hereditary burden, age of the mother, closely related marriages, genetic, chromosomal and genomic mutations, which lead to pathological bookmarking in the work of organs and the brain, are of great importance. Rhesus conflict, like the conflict of blood groups, can lead to mental retardation, if not to stillbirth. Chromosomal diseases that genetically manifest themselves in the form of trisomy on 21 chromosome pairs - Down syndrome, 18 pairs - Edwards syndrome, 13 pairs - Patau syndrome.

Individual gene pathologies, for example phenylketonuria, can lead to mental retardation due to accumulation of toxic metabolites and impaired protein metabolism. The absence of thyroid hormones, thyroxine, triiodothyronine also leads to the development of mental retardation - cretinism, since in children up to three years this hormone is responsible for the development of the brain. That is why these pathologies are examined immediately in the first moments after the birth of a baby.

But even the birth of a healthy crumb without any malfunctions and anomalies does not provide protection or guarantees in the future. It is very important to avoid infections, especially meningitis at such a young age because of the risk of developing mental retardation. Incorrect nutrition, cachetic inclusions, injuries, intoxications, poisoning, poor nutrition, impartial ecology are also capable of poisoning a baby's life and preventing her from joining a healthy society.

Symptoms and signs of mental retardation

Mental retardation is always congenital, which is why all symptomatology manifests itself from an early childhood. Mental processes are always underdeveloped in such deplorable cases, so all behavior converges to altered pathological emotional behavior.

Intellect is always clearly violated, while the person does not abstract, analyze, with difficulty performs mathematical actions and does not remember any data. Although in some cases, hypermemia may occur in some manifestations.

Mental underdevelopment is manifested in emotional impoverishment, lack of normal mood and emotional response. Always observed in the examination and complaints of a significant intellectually-mnestic lag from a one-year-old children, inhibition occurs at any age, the baby will later start walking, later will say the first word, all his neuromuscular functions will develop late.

Such children with some deviations are not able to communicate with the weather due to the impressive difference in intelligence. In adults, it can also be identified in disadaptation to social relations.

Mental retardation in children affects all areas of cognitive functioning, speech is often violated, movements are also very characteristic, slowed down and not similar to typical for this age group. Mental retardation in children is termed more often by oligophrenia and manifests itself in varying degrees of intellectual disability, it is believed that oligophrenia is more typical as a ready diagnosis with clarified causes, and in cryptogenic etiology, mental retardation is more often called mental retardation.

Mental retardation in children is manifested by organic disorders and often manifests itself in pedagogical traineeship and social neglect. The defect persists and in maturity, which is why these persons have a need for proper care. There is only one positive thing - the process does not progress, which means that the situational situation, unlike the acquired dementia, does not deteriorate.

The characteristics of mental retardation are medically manifested in some expectations that, for example, a teenage child is able to outgrow it in part, but, in this scenario, not reaching the norm, it becomes intellectually slightly more developed.

In adults, in addition to children's intellectual disorders, there are violations of intimate behavior, often sexual indiscrimination. They are easily annoyed, often behave obsessively. Separately, the diagnosis leads to violations of behavior, which from minor offenses can reach full-fledged offenses.

Mental retardation: classification of

Mental retardation is classified for reasons of origin or etiopathogenesis. Created a classification scientist Sukharev. Some of the root causes that are always being investigated are the genetic causes of its occurrence, because it is important to know when a person wants more children, whether he or she can have a healthy offspring with a partner. That is why it is so important to always look for the cause of the occurrence.

Genetic mental retardation often has chromosomal forms. Most often this pathology of somatic chromosomes, chromosomal forms of mental retardation have a prevalence of 15.7% among all oligophrenia. Down's syndrome, trisomy, instead of two, the twenty-first chromosome pair, that is, its construction or mosaic form of the disease with an increase in the chromosome part. Down's syndrome in statistics is characteristic of individuals who lead a child in older age categories. And, regardless of the sex of the older parent, this is due to the accumulation of mutant cells in adulthood. At the same time, there are all the same cognitive impairments in the intellectual and mnestic spheres, with emotional pathology and impairment of drives. Phenotype, appearance is quite typical of them, solar children have specific eye incisions with epicanthus, overhanging eyelid. A small chin in the background of a large face and macroglossia is a big tongue, which often does not fit in the mouth. The limbs are shortened in relation to the body, and the palm is called "monkey" because of one transverse fold instead of the normal two, the muscle tone is low, and between the fingers there are large cracks. Problems in such children are not only on an intellectual level, but also an increased risk of heart defects, stomach problems, in particular GERD due to low tone of esophageal sphincters. It is also often manifested by infections of the ears, destruction of the thyroid gland and sleep apnea. Basically, they have an average level of intellectual decline, half as much as healthy, but some have a more pronounced defect.

Klinefelter's syndrome is also chromosomal, but it is associated with abnormalities in the sex chromosome. It happens only in men when doubling the female X chromosome, while preserving the male. They have mild mental retardation, but because of their differences and effeminacy, they fall into a pronounced depression and are unable to come to a partial life style. Such individuals need psychological support.

Turner syndrome is also a chromosomal manifestation that occurs in the sex chromosome, while it happens in the female audience. Characteristic is the loss of one X chromosome, which leads to a general decrease in the number of chromosomes per one. Such girls, like men in the previous syndrome are barren and masculine. Mental retardation is often mild and does not happen to everyone, so they are neurotic because of their differences from other girls.

Also, prenatal exposure may be considered, then embryopathies and fetopathies arise, depending directly on the time of exposure. Embryopathies are always heavier due to early weeklengths and often lead to the death of a baby. In childbirth with ischemia and trauma, cerebral palsy with mental retardation can develop.

Degrees of mental retardation

The characteristic of mental retardation is most dependent on degrees. This is the criterion necessary for making a diagnosis of mental retardation. The degree is produced by different factors, but the main role is played by psychologists with their aikyu tests. By the type of Wechsler's technique with cubes of Coos or the technique of Raven matrices.

Mental retardation has several degrees, easy - it's debility. The criteria for its resolution are sufficiently clear and simple to apply. The range of intelligence is within 50-69, with the understanding and speech being in different degrees of delay. Violations of expressive speech are present even in adulthood. There are violations of labor and social adaptation, but with proper education such people can create a family and perform basic working functions. In the absence of behavioral disorders, they can be led and passively subordinated, so they can not be allowed into bad companies. They are easily talked about to bad deeds, antisocial and criminal. Their self-service is fully preserved, they are able to eat on their own and even prepare basic meals, hygiene procedures and even basic training are also available to them. They are able to be sufficiently full-fledged members of society. In the presence of behavior disorders, things may be worse, because they are capable of doing crime-related activities.

Types of mental retardation of medium degree have two subspecies. This type has the term imbecility. Types of mental retardation, occupying a second niche in severity are divided into a moderate and heavy. Moderate has an intellectual range of 35-49.Visually - spatial skills are quite self-preserved, but the situation is bad with speech. Its development is very low. The patients are very clumsy, but at the same time they enjoy social interactions. They are very eager for communication, they want to show their art or what they are doing. They can assimilate mimic-manual signs to facilitate poor speech development. During the examination, organic brain lesions are detected.

Heavy mental retardation has an intelligence of 20 to 34 and is manifested by a deeper underdevelopment and disability of the individual. Patients are not able to most self-service activities, are not trained, very difficult to care for.

Deep mental retardation, or idiocy. This is a very difficult condition, leading to the tortures of relatives and the individual. The IQ test is below 20. The understanding of speech is absolutely limited, the maximum is the ability to memorize several commands. As a rule, these persons are immobile, which leads to complications of care and accession of secondary infections. Patients can acquire the simplest visual and spatial skills. They always have severe neurological manifestations with epilepsy, deafness or blindness, and atypical autism is often manifested. They can not be used in the simplest of cases, self-service is completely absent.

Treatment of mental retardation

Produce treatment depending on the form. With a light hormonal disorders are taken into account and corrected, strictly specific genetic treatment is also prescribed. Training is conducted in special schools with orientation to a simple life profession and the obligatory creation of a favorable micro-socium.

Working with parents also plays out its positive role, because it is very important for parents to explain the importance of an adequate attitude to their crumbs.

Medication for mild mental retardation:

• Neurometabolitics with dehydrating and cerebrovascular effects: Pyracetam, Dianola Aceglumate, Pyrithinol, Aminolone, Phenibut, Ginkgo biloba, Semax, Bilobyl, Glycine, Bemitil, Idebenone, Cortexin, Nicergoline, Acetylaminosuccinic acid, Salbutiamine, Meksidol, Etiratsetam, Meclofenoxate, Biotredin, Pikamilon, Rolziratsetam, Neurobutal, Cerebrolysin, Vinprosetin, Ginseng, Aniracetam, Cerebramine, Oxiratsetam, Xanthinol, Melatonin, Pramiracetam, Nicotinate, DuprAcetam, Vinkamine, Lecithin, Navtidrofuryl, Cinnarizine.

• Tranquilizers and antipsychotics, Eglonyl, Haloperidol, Aminazine, Secduxen, Sibazon, Halopril, Triftazine.

• Anticonvulsant valproate and carbamazepine, fortified vitamins, adaptogens and immunostimulants.

The average degree, in addition to the previous one, also requires special stationary conditions for the restoration of adaptive capabilities, adaptation with proper actions is successful.

Deep mental retardation is treated with an orientation toward the attendant problems.

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