Analysis of the composition of the sperm: spermiofagiya when prescribed study how to properly prepare the analysis rassshifrovka

To determine the fertility of men performed semen analysis, which examines eakulyat on fertilization ability. The analysis reveals the basic parameters of sperm - its qualitative and quantitative morphological parameters.

What is semen and its principle of putting

The main reasons for putting semen is:

The absence of children in a family with regular sexual acts without the use of contraceptives for one year
to detect infertility in men who underwent varicocele, prostatitis, hormonal disruptions and infectious diseases
during pregnancy planning or prior to in vitro fertilization

During analysis spermogrammy main indicators are: Number and sperm motility, number and types of leukocytes and immature cells. Fix also the viscosity of semen, its color and smell, and even during liquefaction.

At the time of semen from every medical clinics not using clear rules, because they have varied In 1943, but still the basis for taking the parameters established in 2010 by the World Health Organization (WHO).

WHO has established the following rules for determining sperm quality:

Ejaculate volume 1, 5 ml or more
sperm count is equal to or exceeds 39 million
concentration of spermatozoa in 1 ml is equal to or more than 15 millionov
total sperm motility is not less than 40%
spermatozoa with progressive movements of more than 32%
viable over 58%
Morphology of normal forms is equal to 4%
white cell count of less than 1 million
viscous consistency in a long test period of at least 2 cm
It has specific smell
diluted from 10 to 30 minutes
It looks dull and has a blue-white shade
it includes no mucus

The principle of putting semen analysis and classification of indicators of ejaculate

For putting semen men should avoid sexual intercourse for 2 to 5 days, but not more than a week. Exclude from a diet alcoholic drinks, do not go in the steam room or sauna (sperm are slow), not to take antibiotics for two weeks prior to the test.

For material often resort to masturbation, but not excluded variants interrupt intercourse and to use condoms without lubrication. Ejaculate is isolated in a special sterile pot that is used at the time of urine and feces.

Sperm sampling is carried out in a medical facility, but the variant of personal delivery of ejaculate, but the transportation period shall not exceed 1:00.

The main indicators of the ejaculate are:

Reducing the number of sperm in it - oligozermiya (number of spermatozoa in 1 ml of less than 20 Mill.)
the absence of ejaculate or spermatoschesis
the absence of sperm in it or azoospermia asthenozoospermia
kriptozoospermiya- is the absence of sperm in the ejaculate after exposure to a centrifuge
reduction in sperm motility is asthenozoospermia
reduction of spermatozoa in morphology called Teratozoospermia

Delivery of semen is not a mandatory procedure, but check warns about the diseases that are not seen without professional inspection.

Tests carried out at the time of semen

Many medical institutions can issue at hand the results of your semen, without specifying decryption. To understand and learn how to read it is necessary to know the basic tests that are carried out with the ejaculate.

The first thing ejaculate tested for viscosity and liquefaction time, because these two indicators are closely related to each other. The test is carried out with a glass rod, her concern ejaculate and withdrawn at a distance of 2 cm from the surface, thereby forming a so-called "thread", which means that it is not liquified. Liquefaction time it occurs from 15 to 60 minutes, if this does not happen then the state will not change.

The second test is to measure the volume of an ejaculate. The process is fairly easy to gain a graduated pipette available liquid. If the figures below 2 ml, it means "oligospermia".
The third is carried out on the acidity analysis. ITS checked with indicator paper. The normal rate of acidity, according to WHO data considered 7,2rN, but most men pH reaches 8.

During the analysis check color and smell eyakulyanta. This procedure is not binding, and is carried out only on a doctor's request. Normal eyakulyant is dull - white color and peculiar smell, reminiscent of chestnut flowers.

The next test is to determine the number of sperm in the ejaculate. It is characterized by two parameters: the number in 1 ml of ejaculate. For this test use special microscopes. To determine the number of sperm resulting concentration is multiplied by the volume - normal content of at least 40 million in the ejaculate.

Definition of mobility, morphology, sperm viability and content of rounded bodies and leukocytes

One of the tests that are carried out with the ejaculate - a measurement of sperm motility and, according to WHO standards, it is divided into 4 groups:

Progressive aktivnopodvizhnye - they are within 2 seconds overcome distance equal to its length (Category A)
Sperm cells that move slowly called progressive sedentary (category B)
Neprogresivno-called movable such that moving erratically (category C)
Fixed (Category A)

Semen analysis includes the measurement of the morphology of sperm. This test is carried out under a microscope. Eyakulyant pre-stained and look for defects in the form of sperm - a form of head, neck and tail change sizes. There is no exact criterion for evaluating the test, but based on the "Recommendations of the WHO" from 1999.

During the test, determine the viability of sperm, according to the WHO, it should be more than 50%. If the proportion of motile sperm is higher than in 50% of the test the viability not carried out. To identify the number of dead sperm using two methods:

In the first use eosin, which penetrates the dead and colors, this paint does not penetrate into the living of their structure
second dead cells based on swelling and are used for this hypotonic solution
During the semen is determined as the content of the rounded body and white blood cells.

Rounded body - is unformed sperm cells, their number should not exceed 5 million / ml, but the diagnosis of these bodies is not clear. The number of leukocytes is checked to determine the inflammatory process. Identify the number of white blood cells also checks for the presence of human azoospermia. FOR WHO standards their number should not exceed 1 million. 1mg to ejaculate.

Male body can excrete antibodies to fight the sperm, to identify them as diagnostics, because these antibodies can induce infertility in the immune system. During contact of the antibody with the head of the sperm to the egg tying blocked, and if the tail section to the movement slows down. Their amount in the ejaculate should not exceed 50%.

Causes of abnormal performance and action for improvement

Each of the properties eyakulyatsionnye material has its own parameters, and they have a deviation. The reasons for the deviations may be non-compliance.

Failure to comply with the period of abstinence from sexual intercourse semen parameters may be considered invalid and will not be compared with the standards of diagnosis.

To re-delivery should be avoided, not only intercourse but masturbation for up to a week.

At low volume eyakulyanta it means that there are problems with the accessory genital glands and their need to explore, but if the volume is more than 5ml accessory gland can be inflamed, to which also you need to pay Attention. If the sperm has a distinct red or brown hue is a consequence of the presence of blood in it. Its selection can cause swelling or stones in the gonads.

Yellowish -posledstviya transferred jaundice. Increase or decrease the acidity indicators sign of inflammation of the paranasal glands. If the liquefaction process is more than 60 minutes, and the viscosity is characterized by several small drops - prostate problems.
Reasons for changes in density and decrease in the number of spermatozoa may be such factors as:

Disruption of the endocrine system
toxic or radiation effects on the testes
violation of blood flow in the scrotum

The reasons for reduction in sperm motility may be effects on human toxins or radiation, as well as inflammatory processes. The problem faced by people constantly operating at high temperatures.

Changes in the morphology observed in the residents of industrial areas. Increasing the number of dead cells may be due to newly experienced stress or serious illness. Agglutination of sperm is their bonding with each other.

The reason for this is an immune disease and is extremely rare.

Availability in eyakulyante leukocytes or red blood cells - in the first case, the inflammatory process in germ glands, in the second - the trauma of sexual organs or tumors that become serious cause recourse to doctor.
If the sperm contains a large amount of mucus that can only mean an inflammation of the paranasal gonads.
By the gonads are the prostate and Cowper, seminal vesicles, and others.
Improvement of semen
To improve semen parameters need some change their lives. Normalize your sleep, reduce the impact on the body of harmful substances for industrial and domestic character, build sexual life and to consider your diet. Improve your performance and a daily charge with exercises for the muscles of the pelvis and hips.
Be sure to visit the urologist. He will write a comprehensive treatment, because basically all abnormalities can be caused by dysfunction of the sex glands, which is very important.

In the attached video you can learn about spermogramme interesting and important information.

The first semen analysis was conducted in the middle of the twentieth century, but since then has not formed enough clear indicators for the determination of male infertility, so after the first analysis is not necessary to put on a cross. Many diseases are treated, and the reasons for the deviations described above depend only on us. It should be remembered also that the lowest rates are eyakulyanta abroad for artificial insemination.

A source: http://MoreHealthy.ru/material/osnovnye-pokazateli-spermogrammy-i-kak-raspoznat-otkloneniya-2864.html

semen

Semen analysis - analysis of the ejaculate (secretion of male sex glands) used to evaluate the ability of fertility, as well as detection of urological diseases (prostatitis, varicocele, STI, etc.) in men.

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Synonyms Russian

Sperm analysis, analysis of the ejaculate, spermiogram, spermiogram.

Synonyms english

Semen analysis, sperm analysis, sperm count, seminal fluid analysis, spermogram.

method of investigation

Microscopy.

Units

Ml (milliliter), cm (centimeter), mln / ml (one million per milliliter),% (percent).

What biomaterial can be used for research?

Ejaculate.

How to prepare for the exam?

Exclude from the diet exotic foods, spicy and salty foods for 72 hours before the study.
Exclude from the diet of alcohol for 72 hours prior to the study.
Completely deleted (in consultation with a physician) medication for 24 hours before testing.
Exclude sex for 3-5 days prior to the study.
Do not smoke for 72 hours prior to the study.
Exclude reception hot tubs, sauna for 72 hours before the study.
Exclude physiotherapy and X-ray examination within 72 hours before the study.

General information about the study

About 1 out of 15 couples of reproductive age have difficulty conceiving a child, and about 20-25% of the cases this is due to a male factor. Sperm Problems can range from complete absence of spermatozoa to a low amount or quality. That is why the study of the ejaculate is the basis for the assessment of male fertility.

Testicles, seminal vesicles and prostate gland are the major organs that are very important for sperm production. Seminal vesicles produce a large part (45-80% by volume) of the liquid in the semen, which is a critical component.

Seminal fluid has a high pH, to counteract the acidity in the vagina and help preserve rudimentary sperm quality, and also contains sugar (fructose) that give their energy to the sperm activity.

About 1% of the total amount to sperm and testicular fluid produced by the testes.

Male infertility can be caused by many conditions that affect the production of functionally active sperm. The most common cause is a varicocele (varicose veins of the spermatic cord change is accompanied by violation of the venous outflow from a testicle).

This disease is about 40% of cases of infertility and treated surgically.

Testicular inflammation is approximately 10% of cases and may be caused by numerous reasons, including malignant neoplasm, infectious diseases (e.g., mumps), and genetic abnormalities (e.g., Kleynfeltera syndrome), trauma, radiation and chemotherapy. Hydrocele is also about 10% of cases.

Endocrine diseases affecting spermatogenesis constitute about 9% of cases and is usually accompanied by hypoplasia of the pituitary or adrenal glands or giperestrogeniey. Obstruction of the ejaculatory duct is about 5% of cases, and the development of antibodies to sperm occurs in 1-2% of men with infertility.

Analysis of sperm continues to be the primary test for the evaluation of fertility in men. But it is also laboratory research is an important method for diagnosis of urological diseases. So, at an infectious inflammation of the prostate gland viruses and bacteria can directly alter sperm motility.

For example, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum are attached to the head and middle portion of sperm, thus changing not only their mobility, but the ability to fertilize.

Toxins microorganisms and substances secreted by the secondary inflammatory damage, also have negative effects on spermatogenesis. On the background of inflammation may form antibodies against their own gametes.

This is due to the ability of the bacteria, viruses and fungi to join their shell, thus causing an autoimmune response. The presence of antibodies, in turn, reduces the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sperm.

For analysis of the ejaculate is collected by masturbation in a sterile medical container (interrupt sexual intercourse should not be used as a collection method, also can not be used for this purpose condom). You must provide all of the selected volume, if a part is lost, it will affect the overall result.

Total sperm analysis is based on its macroscopic and microscopic study. Spermogramma includes physical data (size, color, pH, viscosity, liquefaction speed, etc.), quantitative characteristics (concentration of sperms, their activity) the morphology of germ cells (contents of normal forms, with pathology) the presence of agglutination and germ cells, as well as uniform content of blood cells, presence of mucus, bacteria, fungi.

Based on these results your doctor may suspect or diagnose urological disease, check the success of the operational intervention (e.g., vasectomy), suggest whether male factor infertility pair whether plays a role, and to assign additional inspection or treatment immediately.

In case of pathology may need to re-renting analysis at intervals specified by the attending physician.
Even healthy men may be a temporary deterioration in sperm quality.

In this case, to improve its performance can and nonpharmacologic measures (eg, smoking cessation and alcohol, normalization of weight, rest).

Due to the low volatility of semen parameters in men, as well as the influence of other factors on the probability of successful fertilization of the ovum, semen analysis data can not give 100 per cent information conception possibilities.

But the good performance of this analysis provides insights on male fertility, the greater probability of conception.
When sperm analysis to confirm the success of vasectomy (male sterilization) is determined only by the presence or absence of sperm.

Research carried out in six weeks after the operation or after 20 ejaculations. Normally, the sperm can not be detected. If you see a sperm, then after two to four weeks you need to redo the analysis.

Also it is necessary to repeat the study in a few months to make sure that the vas deferens is not recovered.

Why use the research?

To determine the extent of the ability to conceive a child;
to identify the pathology of the reproductive system;
to determine the causes that prevent conception;
to assess the possibility of application of assisted reproductive technologies (e.g., artificial insemination);
for differential diagnosis of urinary diseases (e.g., prostate);
to monitor the effectiveness of treatment;
to monitor the effectiveness vasectomy.

When the assigned study?

Before planning pregnancy if the doctor suspects that there may be problems with conception (for example, the presence of a viral mumps in history);
at inspection infertile couples;
in preparation for the use of assisted reproductive technologies (such as IVF);
after using surgical methods of contraception (vasectomy) in order to monitor their effectiveness;
after surgery affecting spermatogenesis (e.g., after surgery for varicocele);
when the patient is suspected urological disease;
after therapy to monitor efficacy.

What do the results mean?

reference values

Index	reference values
The volume of ejaculate	1.5 ml or more
Viscosity	2 cm or less
Colour	Milky white, grayish yellow
thinning
uniformity	total
Smell	Specific (chestnut)
pH	7 — 8
sperm concentration	15 * 10 ^ 6 / ml or more
The number of sperm in the ejaculate	39 * 10 ^ 6 / ml or more
Sperm viability (% live without supravital dyed color)	58% or more
Mobility: the rapid movement and medlennympostupatelnym / progressive motile (PR)	32% or more
Mobility: The movement at the site / non-progressive-motile (NP)
Mobility: immobile sperm (akinezis, IM)
Mobility: total mobility	40 and more
Sperm morphology (under strict WHO criteria): normal	4% and more
The morphology of the sperm: anomalies head
The morphology of spermatozoa: cervical abnormalities
The morphology of the sperm: anomalies tail
The cells of spermatogenesis	2-4 100 spermatozoa
Agglutination of sperm: the degree	Missing
aggregation of spermatozoa	Missing
leukocytes	Up to 2 n. / Sp.
Spermiofagi	single
erythrocytes	There are no
epithelial cells	Single or missing
lecithin grains	Present in razlichnomkolichestve
amyloid corpuscles	There are no
Böttcher crystals (spermine)	There are no
Taurus Trousseau - Lalemana	There are no
cocci	There are no
sticks	There are no
Kokkobatsillyarnaya flora	Missing
polymorphic diplokokki	There are no
Diplokokki Gy (-)	There are no
trichomonas vaginalis	There are no
Key cells	There are no
Yeast-like fungi: blastospores	There are no
Yeast-like fungi: pseudomycelia	There are no

Low volumes collected ejaculate may indicate a blockage or dysfunction of the seminal vesicles or prostate (e.g., adhesive processes or tumors). Fewer sperm is smaller and the number of sperm, which could affect the ability to fertilize.

A larger volume of sperm indicates excessive amounts of the liquid part, the dilution concentration of spermatozoa. Elevated pH indicates the possible presence of acute infection, and reduced - to chronic infection and disturbance of sperm motility.

Ejaculate should not be yellow or pink shades, or it may indicate inflammation or blood contact (eg, trauma, tumors of the prostate).

Sperm must be thick initially, and then become liquid during 10-30, a maximum of 60 minutes. If this does not happen, further movement of spermatozoa can be difficult.

Sperm concentration (its density) is measured in millions of sperm per milliliter of semen. Fewer gametes and / or lower concentration may decrease the probability of conception.

Mobility - the percentage of motile sperm in the sample and an estimation of their speed and direction.

At least 50% of them should be mobile one hour after ejaculation and move forward in a straight line at a certain speed. This is measured from zero (no movement) to 4.

If less than half of mobile sperm staining used to determine the percentage of "dead" part. This technique is called a test of the viability of sperm.

That can influence the outcome?

By underreporting may result in:

taking certain drugs and substances (e.g., anabolic steroids);
urogenital diseases (prostatitis, STD, etc.) and other systems (e.g., endocrine disorders, oncopathology);
congenital anomalies (e.g., cryptorchidism) and genetic disorders;
autoimmune processes;
the effects of some drugs;
trauma (e.g., hobby mountain biking can be associated with a reduced sperm motility due to small injuries testes), frequent vibration;
overweight (more abnormal sperm);
unbalanced diet, prolonged fasting, bad eating habits (e.g., lack of vitamins C, B12, E and zinc may affect the activity of reproductive cells);
a long period of overheating of the testes (for example, work with a laptop on his knees, close tight underwear);
excessive physical exertion or, conversely, lack of exercise;
violation of patency of the vas deferens (e.g., due to postinflammatory adhesions);
sexual life irregular (frequent sexual acts alternate with long periods of abstinence).

See also:As beer affects the development and conception of a child

important Notices

Analysis results do not guarantee and does not deny the possibility of conception, they only indicate the degree of its probability because fertilization depends on other factors (e.g., frequency of sexual acts).

Some couples with a poor prognosis may easily conceive a child, and couples with a favorable - to experience difficulty. Since semen analysis results may vary definitive conclusions can only be made after two or three studies.

But in some cases, may soon require additional examination and treatment (for example, in cases of suspected infection).

also recommended

Who appoints the study?

Urologist, andrologist, gynecologist.

Literature

Walsh, P. Campbell's Urology, 7th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, 1998.
Kee, Joyce LeFever. Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.
New 2010 WHO Standards (5th Edition) for the Evaluation of Human Semen. Mahmood Morshedi Ph. D., HCLD (ABB).
Oxford Handbook for Clinicians: Per. from English. - M.: Medicine, 2000. - 992 p.: ill. ISBN 5-225-00630-2 ISBN 0-19-262116-5.

A source: https://helix.ru/kb/item/39

Questions and answers on the topic Spermogram

nonpregnant long (about 2 years). Passed the tests for the first time: 1 abstention Term 3 - 5 days 5 days. 2 The volume of the ejaculate 2. 0 ml, and more than 2.5 ml of 3 Color white gray white-gray with yellow. 4 Odor specific Spec. The viscosity of 5 to 20 mm 15 mm 6, pH 7, 2 - 7 8 7.6 7 liquefaction time of up to 60 minutes 30 minutes Number 8 in 1 ml of 20 Mill. and more than 35 Mill.

9 living sperm 50% 92% 10 more dead spermatozoa - 8% 11 Mobility (a + b) 50% or more, or 7% 12 Translational rapid (A) 25% or more 0% 13 Translational slow (b) - 14% 7 Nepostupatelnoe movement (s) - 14% 15 Fixed (d) a + d = 50% and less than 79% 16 Impaired mobility - - 17 morphologically normal 30% and more than 6% 18 Pathological forms - 94% 19 The number of leucocytes in 1 ml of 1 million. and less than 3.5 Mill. Additional switching 20 - - 21 Lecithin grain - - 22 epithelial cells - there are 23 Slime - Any pathological form (%): 94 acephalous - Makrogolovki - dual-head - neck 15 drop on a drop on the neck and the head 15 and atypia Geteroaksialnost flagellum Amorphous 10 head 21 head Long - disturbances in the acrosome and flagellum atypia 39 Round head - head drop on mikrogolovki - Karyological quantitative analysis of the composition of immature germ cells (NPC) of the ejaculate (as normative values offer data from the message L.F.Kurilo et al., Problems of reproduction, 1995, 3, 33-38). 1% NPK 2-4 - 2-preleptotene zygotene 0.66 +/- 0.16% - 3 pachytene 0.45 +/- 0.10% - 4 diplotene 1.11 +/- 0.26% - 5 diakinesis, MI, MII 0.04 +/- 0.02% - 6 spermatocytes spermatids II + 91.99 +/- 0.89% - 7 Nerazoshedshiesya spermatids 22.98 +/- 2.65% - 8 Neidentifits. germ cells +/- 5.85 0.85% - 9 epithelial cells - - 10 Leykotsity - - Treated