Hypothiazide - instructions for use, side effects and use of the drug during pregnancy

Hypothiazide is a synthetic drug, the action of which is to release excess fluid from the body, as well as to promote the rapid formation of urine.

The medicine belongs to the benzothiadiazine category.

The principle of action of Hypothiazide is to reduce the absorption of chloride and sodium ions in the renal channels.

Due to the intensive excretion of sodium, the body loses water, after which the volume of circulating blood begins to decrease, which causes a decrease in blood pressure.

The medicine after its use begins to act through 1-2 hours, reaches a peak after 4 hours, after which it continues its effect for another 6-12 hours. The drug will continue to perform its diuretic function even after prolonged use. If you reduce the consumption of table salt with food, this will contribute to an even greater decrease in blood pressure under the influence of the drug.

In a smaller amount, the drug promotes the release of potassium, bicarbonate and magnesium ions.

Hypothiazide also affects intraocular pressure. Hypothiazide is able to cross the placental barrier. The drug itself is excreted from the body along with urine and breast milk. If a person suffers from renal failure, this will significantly reduce the rate of elimination of the drug.

The active element of hypothiazide is hydrochlorothiazide. Once in the body after consumption, hydrochlorothiazide is absorbed by the digestive tract for 60-80%. Cmax - 2 μg-ml. Combining with proteins - 40%, VD - 3-4 l / kg. The element accumulates in erythrocytes in a ratio of 3: 5: 1 to the content in plasma. During pregnancy, it crosses the placental barrier, and is excreted along with breast milk. The molecular composition of hydrochlorothiazide does not undergo significant changes.

Excretion of hydrochlorothiazide from the body begins with the release of excrement from the kidneys. Together with urine, the element is excreted with a decrease in concentration in the plasma. After using 70% of the prescribed dose, the duration of the release of hydrochlorothiazide takes up to 4 days. If you use about 11.4% of the dose, 24.5% is excreted in the feces, if more than 90% is consumed, it is excreted in the urine and only 1-4.3% — with feces. It can be concluded that the excretion with bile is insignificant.

The indicator of the rate of cleansing of hydrochlorothiazide in the kidneys is 335 ml / min (if you use a dose 12.5-75 mg). The half-life in the primary stage is approximately 3-4 hours, at the final stage - about 12 hours.

The half-life may increase with pathology of renal function, and in the case of a creatine kinase index of less than 30 ml / min - 20.7 hours.

The diuretic effect of Hypothiazide is provided by its effect on the proximal and distal convoluted channels of the nephron, which enter the cortex of the kidney substance. Also, Hypothiazide acts on the loop of Henle, but only on its insignificant areas related to the cortical layer. It does not affect the rest of the areas.

Hypothiazide inhibits the process of sodium reabsorption. Primary urine is formed in the tangles of the kidney. After sodium enters the convoluted canals of the nephrons, some of its ions are reabsorbed in some areas of the canals and loop of Henle.

Sodium is the most important non-cellular electrolyte in space. Sodium can create osmotic and concentration pressure in different fluid layers of the body. Since sodium attracts water to itself, water also enters the renal canals, as a result of which it is inertially reabsorbed. If you lower sodium reabsorption, you get the opposite result. Sodium will be excreted along with urine and water, as a result of which the volume of urine will only increase.

The principle of action of thiazide drugs is similar to the principle of action of loop diuretics. Both types of these diuretic drugs belong to saluretics.

Saluretics (literal translation from Latin "salt in urine") is aimed at activating urinary excretion by excreting salts.

In terms of the strength of the action of diuretic activity, loop drugs are stronger than thiazides. This is usually attributed to the fact that thiazide diuretics affect only some areas of the loop of Henle, in contrast to loop diuretics.

It is worth recognizing that Hypothiazide and similar drugs in terms of strength of action occupy an intermediate position. While loop diuretics are more potent than hypothiazides, a large number of diuretics, on the contrary, are weaker than hypothiazides.

Diuretics that are inferior to hypothiazides include:

• sodium channel blockers;
• potassium-sparing agents;
• carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

The activation of the volume of urine generated over a certain period of time under the influence of Goipothiazide leads to a reduction or complete disappearance of tissue edema, and in addition produces hypotension. Hypotension means a drop in blood pressure.

Hypotension for the most part appears due to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood, which, in turn, occurs due to an increase in the amount of urine excreted. In addition, hypotension also occurs due to the intensive introduction of water with sodium, as a result of which the thickness of the arterial vascular wall decreases.

Thus, the passage through the small arteries increases and the blood pressure decreases.

The lowering of blood pressure, which occurs under the influence of Hypothiazide, compensatory, according to the principle of feedback, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The activity of this system is focused on increasing blood pressure.

Medication Hypothiazide - indications and contraindications

The drug Hypothiazide is a drug produced by the Hungarian company Hinoin, available in tablets of 25 and 100 mg, in packs of 20 and 200 pcs. Currently, Russian pharmaceutical companies are producing their analogues - Hydrochlorothiazide, Dichlothiaid, Polythiazide. Abroad, they are called, respectively, Hydrodiuril, Hydrochloroth and Microside.

As an antihypertensive, Hypothiazide tablets contain many medicines. Until recently, Chlorthalidone, which is part of Neocristepine, Tenoric, Triresid, was used as a medicine for hypertensive syndrome. With the release of new drugs, its use has practically ceased.

The drug Hypothiazide is actively used as a remedy for arterial hypertension associated with intracranial pressure, headache, vomiting, dizziness, meningeal symptoms, both separately and together with analogs.

In addition, it is recommended for the treatment of:

• chronic heart and renal failure, nephrotic syndrome and portal hypertension;
• premenstrual syndrome;
• acute glomerulonephritis;
• corticosteroids.

Hypothiazide tablets work well for polyuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and also indispensable in the prevention of people prone to stone formation in the urinary tract organs.

The medicine is contraindicated for severe stages of renal and hepatic insufficiency, as well as for anuria, for children under 3 years of age.

It is not recommended to use if symptoms are detected:

• diabetes mellitus;
• the so-called Addison's disease;
• refractory hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hyponatremia;
• special sensitivity to the components of Hypothiazide.

Caution should be exercised in liver cirrhosis, gout, lactose intolerance, as well as in elderly patients.

Hypothiazide: instructions for use and dosage regimen

Hypothiazide, the instructions for use of which describe its diuretic effect, is used to treat diseases of various origins. The effect of the drug is mainly aimed at reducing the absorption of chlorine and sodium, which is promotes the withdrawal of more water, due to which the volume of blood decreases, and therefore, decrease in blood pressure.

The dosage of the drug is selected individually after consultation with a specialist..

Under the constant supervision of a physician, the dose that gives a positive result of treatment is established.

High blood pressure: as an independent therapy, and with other drugs taken in the treatment of this disease. Dosage - 12.5-50 mg / day, but not more than 100 mg / day. In the context of a combination of treatment, if blood pressure decreases significantly, the likelihood of reducing the dosage of the concomitant drug should be considered. Signs of a positive effect appear within 4 days; it takes up to 4 weeks to achieve maximum results.

With puffiness - 25-100 mg / day, daily or every other day. In severe cases of the disease, the dose of the drug is increased, but not more than 200 mg / day.

With premenstrual syndrome, no more than 25 mg / day is used, from the onset of symptoms to the first day of menstruation.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: used according to 50-150 mg2-3 once a day.

There is an increase in fluid and electrolyte loss with prolonged treatment with the diuretic drug Hypothiazide. The instructions for use describe that this leads to an increased excretion of potassium and magnesium from the body. In this case, replacement therapy is required.

With excess body weight, fluid is retained in the tissues due to their increased hydrophilicity. There is also a high likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases, which further increase fluid retention in the body. In this case, along with the use of cardiac drugs, diuretic therapy is also required. In this case, Hypothiazide does an excellent job with a well-pronounced diuretic effect.

However, it is worth using the drug for weight loss only after a doctor's prescription, since its use without a sufficient reason is fraught with dangerous consequences.

The usual form of obesity can turn into edematous, because if diuretics are used for a long time, fluid in the body accumulates faster.

According to the instructions for use, Hypothiazide is contraindicated in children under 3 years of age. Aged 3-12 years the dose is set 37.5-100 mg / day. The individual dose is calculated by body weight - 1-2 mg / day for 1 kg.

When treating with Hypothiazide, you should eat foods rich in potassium, magnesium, sodium, calcium, and, on the recommendation of a doctor, if required, take medications containing them.

Hypothiazide - side effects and combination with other drugs

Hypothiazide, side effects of which can give serious complications, should be taken only as directed by a doctor. It can be prescribed for the development of such ailments as portal hypertension, edematous syndrome of various origins, glomerulonephritis, and so on.

Hypothiazide during pregnancy is contraindicated for use in the early stages, in particular during the entire first trimester.

Further, it can be assigned to a pregnant woman exclusively by the attending physician and only if assistance in treating a mother's illness outweighs the potential risk of the drug's negative impact on the future child.

This can be expressed in the possible development of jaundice in the fetus or newborn baby, thrombocytopenia - a sharp decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, etc.

The existing risk is explained by the fact that during pregnancy, Hypothiazide can cross the placenta directly to the fetus. It is also advisable not to combine taking the medicine with breastfeeding. The drug is able to penetrate into milk, therefore, it is better to refuse lactation during the treatment period.

The use of the drug can disrupt the normal composition of the blood, reducing the required amount of potassium, sodium, chlorine and others, and at the same time increasing the level of calcium in the blood.

Excessive amounts of calcium in the body can slow down the cardiovascular system, increase blood pressure, and cause depression. In addition, a person may have problems with stool - an increase in the amount of urination, as well as constipation and other problems of the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes, hypercalcemia is associated with kidney stones.

A decrease in the required number of electrolytes leads to a violation of the electrolyte balance in the human body. At the same time, weakness, unusual drowsiness, and dizziness may indicate a decrease in potassium. In more difficult cases from taking the drug Hypothiazid, side effects are manifested by a sharp drop in potassium levels, which can lead to seizures and paralysis.

Lack of magnesium causes a general decrease in performance, deterioration of brain activity and weakening of memory, and can also be accompanied by high blood pressure, headache, and weakness.

With sodium deficiency, people may experience headaches, weakness, chronic fatigue, and more. An acute lack of an element in the body leads to the development of coma and death.

If a person feels an increased thirst and dry mouth, they periodically experience muscle cramps, the heart works in an unusual rhythm and similar signs, this may indicate a lack chlorine.

A significant lack of the latter can lead to mental disorders and the development of coma.

In addition to electrolyte imbalance, side effects can occur with the work of the heart and the cardiovascular system in general, the intestines and the digestive tract, in particular, the appearance of jaundice, pancreatitis.

In milder cases, side effects are manifested by the occurrence of constipation or diarrhea and a general decrease in appetite.

In addition, a negative effect is sometimes exerted on the nervous system, manifested in the form of dizziness, headaches, decreased vision, and the urinary system - the development of nephritis and more.

In more general cases, patients may develop diabetes mellitus, the appearance of allergic reactions of the body in the form of a rash, redness of the eyes and other manifestations.

An overdose of a drug can cause a sharp decrease in electrolytes in the human body and a significant disruption of the electrolyte balance. This often leads to a sharp increase in heart rate, a decrease in blood pressure, shock.

In addition, the patient may experience increased weakness, nausea and even vomiting, hypokalemia, hyponatremia.

If there is an imbalance in the electrolyte balance in a person, manifested in the form of shock or sharp lowering blood pressure, specialists must replenish the amount of lowered electrolytes: sodium, magnesium and others.

It is not advisable to take hypothiazide in conjunction with lithium salts, since the last element from such an interaction can increase its toxicity at times. Also, taking the drug at the same time with such types as antihypertensive, cardiac glycosides, amiodarone, can contribute to the development of additional complications in the body.

Hypothiazide is able to reduce the effect of oral hypoclemic drugs, which will lead to the development of hyperglycemia. In addition, the drug, when used simultaneously with calcitonin, can accelerate the process of potassium excretion.

The enhancement effect of another drug, Hypothiazide, can be demonstrated when taking non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.

In the case of taking the drug Amantadine, which is an antiviral and antiparkinsonian agent, it is advisable to postpone the use of Hypothiazide, since the latter is able to reduce the coefficient of purification of Amantadine, increase its amount in plasma, which can lead to the possible appearance toxicity.

If the patient has been advised of possible parathyroid dysfunction and the need for tests, this may be a blood test for the amount of phosphorus and calcium, urinalysis to detect calcium, etc., drugs belonging to the thiazide group should be stopped early.

Hypothiazide is a drug that eliminates kidney dysfunction and is a diuretic.

The diuretic effect after the first dose of the drug may appear after a few hours. The maximum peak usually occurs later 4-5 hours after using the medication.