CAPGRA SYNDROME
CAPGRA SYNDROME is a psychiatric syndrome that, along with a Fregoli-like syndrome, is referred to as delusional twins. A person suffering from such a form of pathology is not at all adaptive in the smallest environment, and has the trouble of undergoing all sorts of suffering, experiencing constantly layering experiences.
CAPGRA syndrome in psychiatry is not very widespread and its pure form is a very uncharacteristic exhibit. More often it is mixed with the delusional-affective ideas of wrong burial, and sometimes with Kotar. There are few reasons for this syndrome, but nevertheless the greatest connection is traced with neurotransmitter disorders.
What is Kappra syndrome?
Everyone reading at least once, noticing someone similar to our friend, tried to catch up with him, but managed to make it aware that the person is unfamiliar to him. It is known that many famous people like Hitler had a lot of twins, but they were looking for them through all the back streets and naturally this service was available only to the greatest of those living. In those days, she saved the lives of heads of state. Even now, the mystery of the native twins is very fascinating, to notice such small, seemingly insignificant differences is unspeakably interesting. What can we say about the surprise, when two people without the slightest kinship, meeting, find a great similarity. Undoubtedly, a lot of people have some kind of identity, like a sisterhood, but an exact copy is a big rarity. This topic has repeatedly been raised in a variety of works, even modern films are full of a similar plot. And it does not surprise, because it has the ability to attract more than the identity of two different people. Some influence is also on genetic engineering, which gives the ability to clone. Undoubtedly, all these topics are bioethical and are common to all normal individuals.
But, unfortunately, this idea can grow into a delirious one. Kapgra's syndrome in psychiatry just manifests itself as a group of disorders, the red thread of which are twins. For a healthy individual, this nonsense is very mysterious, which easily drags it into induced delusions. It is not similar to other delusional species groups and carries in itself some alien meaning with the replacement of people with someone alien, as it seems at first to individuals far from the realities of psychiatry. Such a view is formed without delving into the study and not confronting the real situational aspects of the syndrome, because all the poetry and genius of the situation and reasoning is very quickly dispelled with real individuals who have this pathology.
CAPGRA syndrome in psychiatry was identified in 1923.It is named after its founder Josef Kapgra, who co-wrote this syndrome in a psychiatric journal. This symptomatology did not immediately interest him, he was called the illusion of a double, which soon changed because of the incorrect application of the word illusion, which in this case does not describe the symptomatology at all. It was believed that this syndrome is characteristic only of women, although it is difficult now to say why. Perhaps due to the fact that the zero patient was a woman who did not recognize her husband. Or maybe because most of the male scientists worked in those days. But over time, research has changed and realized that this pathology can be relevant not only as a psychiatric phenomenon, but also as a neurological phenomenon, since non-recognition can have many underlying causes, which now in almost all cases can be visualized.
Causes of the Kappra syndrome
The Kapgra syndrome is highly multifactorial and its causes are quite diverse. The common denominator has not yet been reached, all aspects are not included. There is evidence that the problem is more neurotic and having a neurological response to recognize familiar faces and portraits. Yet somewhat controversial is the selective not recognizing specific characters with perfect recognition of the rest.
If we consider Kappra syndrome in the structure of schizophrenia, then we can consider that it easily falls behind its cause. First, the Kapgra syndrome itself has some inclusions of automatism and depersonalization, which is a business card of schizophrenia. In fact, a delusional disorder of the type of Kapgra syndrome is one of the syndromes characteristic of some forms of schizophrenia, but not mandatory, such as ambition, that is, duality.
The Kapgra syndrome has several underlying causes, some of which were based on the study of traumatized and post-stroke patients. Then it was discovered that the perception of persons is disturbed, but the remaining figures and images are preserved. After there were attempts to still understand the mechanism by which there is confusion with persons. For this purpose, studies were carried out which revealed changes in the skin potential, which indicates a high involvement of vegetation. In addition, there were also psychiatric reasons for this behavior, it was found that the individual is able to create in the mind a certain projective image of individuals, which can cause emotional excitement on unfamiliar faces, as in the norm - on acquaintances. Thus, there were also organic and psychological causes of the Kapgra syndrome. Thus, the Kapgra syndrome has proved itself as multifactorial and has not only unconscious, but also conscious triggers. For example, in hysteroid individuals, Kapgra syndrome may be a manifestation and testify to the severity of the course of hysteria.
Modern research also proves that an individual in his subconscious projects an image mirroring the perceived, but because of the violation of the inter-neuronal connections, the reaction to it does not coincide with the norm. What is surprising is the lack of Kapgra syndrome in some patients with a similar form of trauma. This suggests that pathology simultaneously combines psychological and scientific-neurological aspects. Someone with Kapgra syndrome with an ordinary manifestation becomes a delirious conviction, but not at all. Researchers attribute this to a factor of devaluation of reasoning, which affects the formation of delusions. There is a presumable relationship of this syndrome with the frontal lobe, as a whole, its violation leads to a similar symptomatology.
Symptoms of Kappra syndrome
The onset of the Kapgra syndrome is progressing slowly. First, the individual briefly does not distinguish people, it passes in seconds. But already at this primary stage, anxiety can arise, especially among the inclined persons, because it is very scary even for a moment not to orient in the environment. Then the first complaints can appear. But this is not always the case, usually everyone thinks that nothing dangerous is terrible, just lost for a moment.
With the development of the Kapgra syndrome, the seizure becomes more frequent and this already visibly and strongly worries the patient. During this stage, the individual is able to notice the substitution of relatives, and sometimes in a more sophisticated way, he realizes something that he himself is not himself. Such a substitution he seeks out in great detail and leads a lot of ridiculous arguments for the surrounding. At the same time, a lot of such a spectrum of suspicions appears at the stage of the beginning of the formation of such ideas and on the whole the individual becomes suspicious and paranoid. In close communication, it is already very noticeable that the individual does not realize familiar and unfamiliar to himself personalities.
The forms of the Kapgra syndrome are a controversial issue, because sometimes the syndrome is divided into several forms that have their authors. But still for the generality of the picture is to list all varieties. There may be Kapgra syndrome in the manifestation of a negative double, in which case the patient wanders about replacing relatives or someone familiar with exact counterparts who are also dirty or something like that. With the opposite manifestation with the formation of delusions of positive twins, the individual with the disease finds strangers by his relatives, which undoubtedly causes discomfort to the society and requires the isolation of the individual suffering from this disease.
In the classification from the identity to the person, there are two types. The first type is autoscopic, manifested in relation to the personality of the person and her body. Thus the person is assured, that the double is, she sees and feels it. She claims that it is not she who is making fuss, but her dirty double, which is sent in order to undermine the authority of the individual. With pathology of the second type, we do not see a double, it's like an invisible, which still strongly annoys a person. That is, as it became clear from the description, this syndrome can show its delirium in relation to the environment or to the most suffering person. If the person believes that she herself has a double, then the perception of the environment, as a rule, is preserved, but slightly reduced. A group of people is perceived with disabilities more often than one individual.
The patient perceives many external differences, believing that he has very dangerous enemies for him and his family. He tries to check the presence of a makeup in a double, becoming suspicious until absurd. Often at some point, an individual can realize the danger of such twins and try to eliminate them, which often leads to accidents in case of oversight.
Treatment of Kapgra syndrome
The management of such disorders should be immediate, as the individual can carry danger to others. Kupirovanie requires a comprehensive approach with clarifying the root causes. It is very important for such patients to limit access to a variety of individuals so as not to produce delusional products. The regime for such patients is sparing without unnecessary hassle, but it is necessary with occupational therapy, which gives a load on the muscles and relieves the brain of unnecessary unnecessary reasoning. If the cause is organic and after the stroke state, then a neurosurgeon is required that can remove the problem. In some cases, enough neurological drugs, but still psychotic symptoms it makes sense to stop using antipsychotics. Such individuals are shown a hospital with supervision due to some danger to the environment. Socially, until the person is completely rid of delusions, the individual is not functional, since he does not normally identify others. Depending on the reasons, communication with an individual with Kapra's syndrome is constructed in different ways. In the absence of criticism, we do not reassure the individual, perceiving him as a delusional.
Antipsychotics are topical for at least two weeks, namely: haloperidol, aminazine, clopixol, montene, tizercin, triftazine, truksal. Dosing should be individually selected, therapeutic with a gradual increase, taking into account the accompanying disorders. Later it is possible to use different forms of the following drugs: Rispolept, Azapine, Azaleptol, Rispaksol konsta, Clozapine, Solex, Cerdolex, Risperidone, Solean, Ariprazole, Aripiprazole, Eglonil, Fluanxol.
