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Nowadays, the owners of a snow-white smile are watching from the TV screens, the covers of the press.Aesthetic preferences are aimed at dazzling white teeth and few will refuse to experience the achievements of modern science on changing the color of tooth enamel with the help of dentistry.

So the human body is arranged that it needs food intake, which, with constant contact with the tooth surface, gives the enamel unsightly beige, gray and yellowish hues.The impeccably white color of the teeth became not only a personal preference, but also a part of the image of a business successful man, but also a luxurious and fascinating woman.

Until recently, artificially manufactured crowns and veneers were used to achieve a snow-white smile.These methods have undergone changes and at present they have begun to apply color improvement by abrasive cleaning or oxidative deep action based on chemical reactions.

Evolution of teeth whitening

People began to try to make their shades lighter shades at the turn of the 15th century and continued to make such attempts until the end of the 18th century.At that time, the popularity of this procedure increased so much that it became the second most important after removal.An effective method was the removal of the top layer of the enamel with a special file, and then the processing of these places with a solution of nitric acid.There was an opinion that the daily use of urine when cleaning teeth, contributes to their significant clarification.

Diversify methods and find new technologies of steel in the middle of the XIX century.Such questions were actively discussed at the stomatology forums.Doctors used clarification with chlorine and acetic acid.To do this, the tooth had to remove the pulp.Most often used calcium chloride , and at the end of the century began to use aluminum chloride, oxalic acid, peroxide ether, hydrogen peroxide, lime and even potassium cyanide.

In the future and up to now in the dentistry popular oxidants are pyrazole, superoxol, double sodium oxide and derivatives of chlorides.Thus, teeth whitening was also performed.At the beginning of the 20th century , a new technique was developed for the application of hydrogen peroxide heated by a tool or by a light flux.Rapid temperature rise in the mass of the solution, promotes the acceleration of the reaction and interaction with the surface substances of the enamel.Reviews of those years talk about the effectiveness of this method.

The use of hydrochloric acid was introduced at the beginning of the XIX century, and in the mid-70s of the last century, bleaching was popular with hydrogen peroxide of high concentration, the reaction of which was also accelerated by heating.But did not receive the method because of feedback on complications from the mucous membrane and the treated tooth.

General theories of the whitening theory of the enamel

The main factors that impair the color of the teeth:

• abuse of strong tea, coffee, smoking.Under their influence, the color of the enamel becomes yellow, brown or even darker, down to black.In these cases, only the tooth surface is stained;
• tooth structure disease, called fluorosis, the appearance of spots as a result of this process;
• internal diseases are associated with a change in the pigmentation of the enamel; for example, an increase in bilirubin in liver disease can cause a profound staining of dentin in children during the development of the tooth;
• Disruption of habitual pigmentation can be caused by a metabolic disorder due to age-related changes in the body.

Chemicals for whitening

Nowadays teeth whitening can be performed in the dental office, there are also many techniques for performing this procedure on their own, at home.Modern means are called hydrogen peroxide, carbamide oxide, sodium perborate.

Hydrogen peroxide has a bleaching effect as a result of complex chemical processes.Hydrogen derivatives penetrate the dentin layer and react with particles of active radicals, as a result of which -colored molecules break up into two completely colorless.

Carbamide peroxide contains a chemical substance, carbopol, which slows the release of peroxide and helps clarify the hue.The standard concentration is 10-15%.

Sodium perborate differs not only in its whitening effect, it also gives a dazzling shine to the surface of the tooth.But you need to strive not to thin the enamel.In this case, the destruction of the fabric layers and the surface structure will occur, that will lead to fading of the tooth color and deterioration of its appearance with a difficult recovery.Reviews say that frequent uncontrolled use of chemicals can lead to the need for disposal.

Application of aggressive( up to 35%) solutions can lead to unpleasant consequences.In drugs that have a helium structure at the base, the concentration is reduced and amounts to 25%, which is more acceptable for repeated use.

Causes affecting the bleaching process

The tooth surface must be perfectly cleaned, because its contamination weakens the effect.The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the preparation used plays a role.

The physical increase in the temperature of the solution used leads to significant activation.But it can be used only if the patient does not experience discomfort.

The process of hydrogen reaction can be enhanced and strengthened with the help of argon and carbon dioxide laser technology of special catalysts.Such a newest development contributes to the achievement of the best results for a short period of time.It allows the production of free radicals that react and discolor the pigment molecules.Reviews say that laser technology can eliminate any color of enamel staining.At the forum of scientists it was noted that brown and beige colors change under the influence of argon technology, and bluish tints are sensitive to carbonic components.

To improve, according to dentists, uses ultraviolet light or special beams for polarization.The residence time of the solution on the tooth surface also affects the whitening effect, that is, the longer the exposure time, the more effective the result will be.

Contra-indications for whitening

The reasons why it is better to refrain from the procedure of teeth whitening are the following:

• the presence of a large pulpary cavity in the tooth's body can lead to increased sensitivity and intolerable sensations;
• outcrop of the basal area, cracks and age-related abrasion of the enamel;
• previous large restorations, the presence of loose seals, inflammation in the tissues and gingival bone;
• period of pregnancy and breastfeeding of a child.The process of exposure to chemical bleaching agents on the body of a pregnant woman has not been sufficiently studied, therefore, in order to maintain the health of the child, it is better to abandon the procedure for a while;
• if the person has an allergic reaction to the drug components.Reviews say that in such cases, soft tissue can be isolated with a cofferdam.

Teeth whitening from the dentist

To determine the degree of bleaching and the choice of the effective preparation and method of treatment for , it is necessary to photograph the tooth surface of and determine the shade on the VITA scale.

All open surfaces of the gums are treated with hermetic "Orasil" material.The surface of the teeth is mechanically cleaned with a pumice stone.To remove deep shades on the surface, phosphoric acid is applied for up to 7 seconds, after which it is washed off with water.The lower lip is protected with a superimposed wipe before the process.The surface of the teeth before the procedure itself is dried using air and overlays on the surface explication from a gauze wipe moistened in bleach.

To accelerate and enhance the reaction, use the heating of the preparation with tools or illumination with ultraviolet rays.According to reviews, with enhanced activation, the procedure lasts 5 minutes, and self-whitening takes 9 minutes.

After removing the napkin, the surface is rinsed with water for a minute and the cofferdam coating is peeled off.Then polish the surface of the enamel.The gel, including fluoride, when applied to the teeth, will prevent them from manifesting an increased painful sensitivity.It is necessary for to refrain from taking any food for two hours of , and there are coloring products, coffee and tea not for two days after the end of the whitening process.

Features of self-bleaching

At home, you can do lightening only teeth with live pulp.The concentration of the solution can not exceed 12%.Reviews say that the self-bleaching is a fairly long process of and requires patience.The first results can be noticeable only after two weeks, and the entire length of bleaching will take up to one and a half months.

Whitening agents for home use are divided into preparations for night or daytime use.There is a special kappa containing the active substance that the patient wears on the teeth in accordance with the attached instructions.

Before brushing, clean the tooth surface.All domestic bleaches contain a synthesized carbod, which affects the rate of oxygen release.

Sometimes a kappa with slots in the right places is used to whiten only individual teeth, without affecting the neighboring ones.

Carrying out whitening of "dead" teeth

Often removing the pulp in the tooth leads to a sharp change in its color compared to the rest.This is often the case with due to improper filling of the root canals of the during treatment or with the destruction of the canal.

Residual changes after incorrect treatment can be seen if scraps of pulp tissue remain on the walls of the tooth cavity when removed.Sometimes the part of the crown remains and the mixture for making the seal.

Often when the tooth is transparent, its channel is sealed with a color mixture of for sealing.The reviews suggest that formalin, endometasone and silver shine through the tooth's body and affect the uniformity of the surface color.

The destruction of untreated pulp leads to the pouring of blood into the cavity of the tooth, where the hemolysis occurs and under the influence of hemoglobin, a kind of iron forms, which stains the inner cavity in a persistent dark color.

The stages of bleaching in such cases include:

• revealing the cause of discoloration of the tooth;
• applies a sensitivity test to ensure that the tooth is lifeless;
• X-ray and a photograph of teeth for the VITA table;
• the tissue around the tooth is covered with a cofferdam;
• the seal is protected with a special insulator;
• heats the tooth.If the effect has not yet come to an adequate degree, then a bleaching agent is administered to the tooth cavity for a prolonged action.

To protect the cavity, only the temporary material is not enough, because it can deteriorate under the influence of evolved oxygen components, so the tooth is covered with composite materials.

To resolve the issue of teeth whitening, is required to seek the advice of for a specialist.Even if a person decides to use a home-made bleaching method, the dentist can explain the need for some other technology based on their knowledge and experience.

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