Analysis of feces for coprogram that shows

Feces are the final product of human life. While food flows from the oral cavity into the rectum, a cascade of complex biochemical reactions occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the appearance, microscopic examination of excrement, a specialist is able to diagnose various pathologies.

What is the coprogramme

The research method includes:

• analysis of the physical and chemical properties of excrement;
• visual study;
• microscopic examination of feces;
• bacteriological research, identification of pathogenic microorganisms;
• analysis for worms.

Diagnostics is shown to patients as part of a general examination of the body when pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract are detected:

• gastritis;
• functional disorders of the liver, pancreas and biliary tract;
• suspicion of worms;
• neoplasms of the digestive system;
• dysbiosis;
• the development of hemorrhoidal cones and anal fissures;
• chronic constipation;
• NUC and Crohn's disease;
• colon polyposis;
• acute intestinal infectious process;
• anemia.

The doctor decides on the appointment of a coprogram when the patient complains of pain sensations in the abdomen, stool disturbance, flatulence, colic and cramps, the appearance of various impurities in excrement.

How to properly prepare for the study

Before going to the analysis, the patient must complete a number of preparatory measures. This will allow you to get more accurate results and make a correct diagnosis. The patient needs to adhere to a special diet that helps cleanse the intestinal tract. Meals should be balanced and not high in calories. The patient takes food fractionally, in small portions up to 6 times a day.

If an urgent diagnosis is required, then a person should stop drinking alcoholic beverages, coffee and tea at least for a day. You can not do cleansing enemas before diagnostics or use medications with laxative and antidiarrheal effects. It is also forbidden to use rectal suppositories.

If the patient takes a blood test for occult blood, then he should refuse to eat green vegetables, meat and fish dishes, tomatoes, eggs. Such products can give a false positive result. For a while, it is worth excluding the use of medications that include iron. Women should postpone the analysis during their period.

Most often, the analysis time is up to 2 days. The maximum research takes 6 days.

How to collect biomaterial

After waking up and urinating, the person must empty their bowels into a pot. To collect excrement, take a 1-time container, which can be purchased at any pharmacy. It has a special scapula: with it, feces are applied.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that the containers must be clean and damp. After collecting the excrement, close it tightly with a lid. If faeces are collected in the evening, they should be kept in the refrigerator until morning. It must be remembered that the maximum storage time for stool is 10 hours.

If the patient is analyzed for the detection of helminthic invasion, then the feces should be freshly collected. The analysis must be carried out immediately after bowel movement.

The size of the excrement should not be larger than a teaspoon. In the absence of feces caused by prolonged constipation, an enema is allowed. After the procedure, the patient collects biomaterial.

Normal indices of the coprogram and its deviations

In a healthy person, feces have a brown color, a dense structure. It should be free of bloody or purulent impurities.

Colour

The acquisition of a different shade of feces occurs with such conditions and pathologies:

• light color - liver pathology, impaired patency of the biliary tract;
• colorless feces - hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, dysfunction of the gallbladder, inflammation in the intestines;
• black - GI bleeding, cirrhosis of the liver, the use of products that impart a specific color, the intake of medicines based on iron and bismuth;
• dark brown - the use of meat dishes, tumor decay, removal of calculi from the gallbladder;
• reddish - bleeding in the distal intestines;
• greenish - typhoid fever;
• bright yellow - fermentation in the intestines, diarrhea;
• light yellow - intake of dairy products.

Fecal structure, density and volume

When it is too dense, they talk about constipation, high water in the intestines. If the stool becomes a gel, then the doctor can confirm chronic pancreatitis. The liquid form is characteristic of the inflammatory process, increased peristalsis. The appearance of foam in the excrement indicates fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract.

With an increased volume of feces, the attending doctor may suspect a violation of the digestive function, its long stay in the colon. This condition occurs with poor nutrition, a sedentary lifestyle, neoplasms and diverticulosis.

Small feces, resembling sheep's in appearance, indicate starvation, the development of hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and ulcerative lesions. If they have an unformed structure, then they speak of enzymatic deficiency, impaired digestion and absorption of food. The reduced volume of excrement is associated with constipation, colitis, ulcers in the intestines.

Odor change

Such a sign may also indicate pathology:

• too weak - the predominance of plant products in food, adherence to a strict diet, constipation;
• strong - diarrhea, the predominance of meat dishes in the diet;
• fetid - putrefaction of the food lump in the intestinal tract;
• sourish - the presence of a high lipid content in the diet.

Impurities

If a specialist detects the presence of undigested food debris, he may decide that the work of the pancreas is impaired, chronic gastritis has developed, diarrhea associated with accelerated peristalsis. Whitish lumps indicate an increased lipid concentration caused by pancreatic disease. Feces acquire a gel-like structure and a specific shine.

A mucous impurity can be a sign of an inflammatory process in the intestines of any etiology, salmonellosis, dysentery, ulcerative colitis. It is inside the stool or outside it. Bloody spots indicate GI bleeding. Purulent impurity - for advanced inflammation, abscess formation in the intestinal tract. This condition is typical for shigellosis, tuberculosis. Worms come out whole with feces or parts.

Chemical examination of feces

During the diagnosis, a specialist studies the acid-base state, the concentration of bilirubin, soluble protein, stercobilin, and soluble mucus. It also determines if there is hidden blood in the feces.

Normally, the acid-base ratio is 6.87–7.64: this indicator is neutral or slightly alkaline. Deviations from the norm are:

• acidic - indicates that the absorption of fatty acids in the intestinal tract is impaired;
• sharply acidic - fermentation in the intestine;
• alkaline - proteins are digested with an excess of meat in the diet;
• sharply alkaline - putrefaction of the food lump in the intestine.

Occult blood test

Usually blood is not visualized even with a microscope. This analysis recognizes the red blood cell content in the feces. When red blood cells are found, they talk about the presence of such types of pathology:

• gum disease, nasal bleeding;
• ulcerative lesions of the stomach, duodenal ulcer;
• polyposis, colitis;
• tumors of the gastrointestinal tract;
• haemorrhoids;
• parasitic invasions in the digestive tract;
• varicose veins;
• intestinal tuberculosis;
• typhoid fever;
• shigellosis.

However, it should be borne in mind that the diagnosis can give a false positive result. This occurs when the patient is not properly prepared for the study:

• consumes meat and fish dishes, sausages;
• Has not stopped taking iron-based medications
• injured gums while brushing teeth;
• the woman was tested during menstruation.

Protein determination

In the absence of pathology in feces, it should not be detected. If it is present, they talk about inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative lesions, and malignant formation. Soluble protein can also indicate the development of dysbiosis, celiac disease.

Bilirubin, stercobilin

Normally, the first is detected in the feces of a newborn who is lactating. Due to its presence, the feces acquire a greenish-brown tint. In the case of pathology, bilirubin is determined with diarrhea, dysbiosis at an advanced stage, acute gastroenteritis.

Stercobilin can be secreted in small quantities into the duodenum. At a low concentration of the substance, they speak of impaired function of the spleen, poisoning with medicines and poisons. If stercobilin is elevated, then this indicates that the pancreas is disrupted, there are stones in the bile ducts, hepatitis or pancreatitis has developed.

The presence of various impurities

In the absence of pathology, they can be excreted, but only in a modified form. Otherwise, this indicates that there is insufficient production of digestive juice, provoked by a disturbed work of the pancreas. Food cannot be digested properly. Also, unchanged fibers are found with diarrhea, decay or fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract.

If connective tissue fibers are found in the feces, then they talk about gastritis with low acidity, pancreatitis, reduced production of enzymes. Insoluble vegetable fibers should be excreted in the rind of fruits, vegetables, grains, or legumes. If a specialist identifies soluble fibers, they are associated with insufficient secretion of hydrochloric acid.

Normally, starch should be absent in feces: during digestion, it is completely processed. If its grains are found in the analysis, then the peristalsis is enhanced. The food lump moves too quickly along the gastrointestinal tract, is quickly absorbed. Also, the detection of this substance may indicate a lack of enzymes, which is caused by pancreatitis or gastritis.

When, during staining with iodine, a specialist identifies an iodophilic flora, while the feces have an acidic environment, then doctors say that a pathogenic microflora has settled in the intestinal tract. It interferes with the digestive function. Neutral fats are found in functional disorders of the pancreas and duodenum. In a healthy person, the substance is not detected, since it is completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Detritus in feces is found with inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. It is a mixture of digested food with microorganisms and epithelium. With normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, detritus is absent. The diagnosis of inflammation is confirmed by the presence of bloody impurities or mucus in the feces.

There are no leukocyte cells in the feces of a healthy person. Otherwise, they indicate the following pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract:

• neoplasms;
• Crohn's disease;
• NNC;
• proctitis and paraproctitis;
• intestinal tuberculosis;
• helminths.

Erythrocytes are also absent from the analysis data. When determining them, experts conclude that blood has appeared in the digestive tract from other internal organs. If the doctor detects fatty acids and their salts in the analysis, then this is a sign of pathology. It indicates a deficiency in bile production, diseases of the pancreas, diarrhea.

Normally, ammonia can be determined in a coprogram. Its optimal level is 20–40 mol / kg. Exceeding the values ​​of the indicator indicates inflammation, putrefaction in the intestinal tract. In feces, pathogenic microflora (shigella, Trichomonas, lamblia, balantidia), as well as helminth eggs, fungus, should not be detected.

Conclusion

Coprogram is a valuable and technically simple diagnostic method that allows you to detect and confirm various diseases of the digestive tract. If you suspect a pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, the attending physician must include him in the list of laboratory tests.

Sources:

https://ojgemorroj.ru/analiz-kala-na-koprogrammu/

https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?