Okey docs

Hydrocephalic syndrome

click fraud protection

Hydrocephalic syndrome is a symptom complex that is characterized by a product disruption or an outflow of fluid from the ventricular system of the brain. Exceeding the physiological norms, the volume of liquor produced by the vascular plexus, and the slowed flow of cerebrospinal fluid lead to stagnation and compression of the brain tissues, dilatation of the ventricular system.

The hydrocephalic syndrome in the infants is mostly manifested in the neonatal period. This confirms the innate variant of the origin of the disorder of adsorption of the CSF.Acquired hydrocephalic syndrome manifests itself later than the neonatal period.

Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome is expressed in a different clinical picture. Manifestations depend on the type, causes and severity of the symptoms. Similarity of symptoms will be in the increase in the parameters of the head in volume, anxiety, delay in intellectual and psychosomatic development, violation of normotonus muscles.

Diagnosis of hydrocephalus syndrome is based on the collected history, physical examination data, laboratory results and hardware examination. Activities aimed at therapy should be organized in a comprehensive and timely manner. Adherence to adequate therapeutic tactics makes it possible to accelerate the positive dynamics.

instagram viewer

Hydrocephalic syndrome, untreated at the time, is the reason for the delay in the rates of stato- and psychomotor development, the establishment of disability. In severe cases, hydrocephalic syndrome leads to death. Therapy of hydrocephalic syndrome is long and multifaceted, the competence of parents about the principles of prevention and treatment will help to avoid negative consequences.

Hydrocephalic Syndrome: Causes of

The diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome can be exhibited both in infancy and at a conscious age. Its development is due to a number of etiological and pathogenetic causes. The hydrocephalic syndrome in infants is in most cases of an innate origin. However, it is possible that the syndrome can be acquired. Head trauma in the period of increased mobility of the baby can provoke the appearance of hemorrhages and even bruising. And this entails a slow absorption of the liquid. Do not forget about oncologic alertness.

Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome can appear as a result of growth of a neoplasm. Some past illnesses may also cause compression of the ventricular system, namely, meningitis or encephalitis after being bitten by an infected tick, or previous bacterial infections, malaria, measles, chickenpox, rubella. Viral infections also often cause neurological complications( influenza, herpes).

The hydrocephalic syndrome in the baby can be the result of a genetic predisposition. Hereditary diseases with metabolic disorders, increase the risk of developing hypertension in the ventricles of the brain. Developmental abnormalities such as anomaly Kimmerly, Arnold-Chiari syndrome, which occurs due to trophic disorders of the nervous tissue and blood supply, almost always entail stagnation of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Hydrocephalic syndrome in infants diagnosed in the newborn period, confirms the innate cause of the formation of this pathology. Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome most often originates in this period. The emergence of a congenital syndrome of impaired circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, which has not yet fully formed spinal cord and brain, is due to the pathological course of pregnancy. This may be a manifestation of TORCH infection in the period of development of the neural tube( cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis).Chronic diseases of a woman in the stage of decompensation( diabetes mellitus, syphilis), viral infections( influenza) and other extragenital pathology. Very often, to the violation of the function of the ventricular system leads to the complicated management of labor. Births earlier term doneness, trauma during the eruption of the head, early discharge of amniotic fluid, non-coordinated birth activity - all this causes oxygen starvation of the brain. And hypoxia, as you know, can become a trigger factor in the emergence of hydrocephalic syndrome.

hydrocephalic syndrome: Symptoms and signs of hypertension

hydrocephalic syndrome is manifested by a variety of symptoms, depending on the age of the patient. Hydrocephalic syndrome in the baby can manifest gradually, with the increase in symptoms. Most often this happens when it comes to the acquired form of the symptom complex.

The diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome in newborns is almost always exhibited in the maternity hospital by a neonatologist. At the first examination, the dominance of the cerebral part of the skull over the facial is noticeable in the eye. Muscle tone is reduced, and congenital reflexes are mild, some of them may be absent. Because of the increased gradient of CSF pressure on the optic nerves, strabismus may appear. During the examination, the ophthalmologist discovers an edema of the optic nerve. Parents complain about the anxiety of their baby for no apparent reason. Sleep superficial, the child often shudders. There is a sweeping tremor, more in the upper limbs. The child sluggishly sucks his chest, often tearing himself away from the nipple. Frequent and profuse regurgitation( perhaps even a fountain) should alert mom and dad.

Diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome can also be detected at a pediatrician's reception. The long divergence of the cranial sutures, the size of the large fontanel and the head circumference, exceeding the limits of norms - all these signs indicate a violation of the outflow of the cerebrospinal fluid. Parents also complain about the fearfulness of the child, irritability in the occurrence of noise, wide opening of the eyes( Gref's symptom).

Hydrocephalic syndrome in infants , as already mentioned, can occur after a period of neonatal. As a result of injuries, neoplasms or transferred infections. Parents often complain of inattention, irritability, memory impairment, inhibited thinking. In view of the increased tone of the muscular system, walking on the fingers is characteristic. It is hard for a child to rely on a full stop for a long time. Due to the expressed pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid on the cerebral membranes, the patient develops frequent attacks of cephalalgia. This is manifested by a pronounced pallor of the skin, weakness, lethargy

Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome, untreated for a long time, leads to a delay in the psycho- and statomotor development of the child.

Hydrocephalic syndrome: diagnosis

The diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome can be determined on the basis of the results of the collected history, complaints, examination of organs and systems, laboratory tests, results of instrumental examination. The condition of the baby on a regular basis requires parents to visit the pediatrician on a regular basis. The doctor must measure monthly the increase in the parameters of the head, checked against the standard tables, whether there is a deviation. Also, the doctor monitors the size of the fontanel, its bulging and pulsation. An inseparable part of the examination is to check the rate of extinction of congenital reflexes. If the objective data obtained are questionable, the doctor will refer the patient to a special examination to confirm the diagnosis. Passage of narrow specialists is mandatory. A children's neurologist will check for nervous-reflex excitability, an ophthalmologist will inspect the fundus for pathology.

Neurosonography remains the most popular procedure for examination. The so-called ultrasound of the brain will determine if there is a pathology of the anatomical structures of the brain tissue and will allow making ventricular measurements. Modern hardware methods become leaders in the diagnosis of this disease.

The diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome, thanks to computer( CT) and magnetic resonance imaging( MRI), is not difficult to confirm. As an addition to the diagnosis of this pathology, a diagnostic lumbar puncture can be performed. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid will determine how much the liquor pressure is increased. Complex diagnosis confirms the presence of the pathology of circulation of spinal fluid, its causes, the degree of disturbance.

Hydrocephalic syndrome: treatment of

Hydrocephalic syndrome in infants should be treated immediately after its detection. Therapy of this disease depends on several factors. This is the age of the patient, etiopathogenesis, the degree of progression of the process. Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome requires a comprehensive, systematic approach to treatment.

Depending on the age, there is a choice of schemes and concepts of treatment. In infants of the first half of life, all processes are easily reversible. Therefore, the treatment regimen is chosen to be gentle, step-by-step. Basically, if the process is not running, enough conservative therapy. Preference is given to physiotherapeutic methods of treatment. Massage fortifying and aiming collar zone - focused on improving the outflow of liquor. Correction gymnastics also gives good effect. In some situations it is necessary to connect medication. In this case, medicines that improve the trophism of nervous tissue( Piracetam, Cinnarizine), soothing agents( Valerian, Pustyrnik, Pasiflora), diuretics( Diacarb, Veroshpiron) are used.

Diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome should also be treated with regard to etiology. Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome, caused by an infectious agent, requires therapy directed directly at the pathogen. If the pathology is caused by a viral etiology( influenza, herpetic infection of the first, second or 6 types, cytomegalovirus), then antiviral therapy is added. Bacterial infection( pale treponema, meningococcus, causative agent of botulism) needs antibiotic therapy.

Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome in most cases is cured conservatively. But it happens that medication options do not lead to positive results. In such cases it is necessary to resort to surgical treatment. Hemorrhages due to injuries, abscesses, tumors are those processes that cause persistent hypertension of the cerebrospinal fluid. Without surgery, a complete cure is impossible.

The most common operation with hydrocephalic syndrome is bypass surgery. The essence of the method is that, by inserting a conductor( shunt) from the ventricles of the brain, an adequate outflow of cerebrospinal fluid should be ensured. Hydrocephalic syndrome in infants can be corrected by an invasive method of treatment. The most effective and modern treatment concept remains the endoscopic procedure of ventriculostomy. With the help of a thin conductor with a built-in camera, it is possible to detect occlusion localization and to check the ventricles of the brain. A small tool makes a small puncture near the place of obstructed outflow and the circulation of CSF is restored.

Hydrocephalic syndrome: consequences of

Diagnosis Hydrocephalic syndrome, treated immediately after detection, yields positive results. The hydrocephalic syndrome in the infant is cured without consequences, completely, provided that the treatment is started. Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome causes impaired brain tissue function. Prolonged compression of the cerebrospinal fluid of the cortex and the membranes of the brain disrupts cognitive function. Deterioration of the function of memorization and perception is noted.

Hydrocephalic syndrome in infants, not compensated for a long time, leads to irreversible atrophic processes in the central nervous system and as a consequence of oligophrenia. Under the influence of the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid on the visual pathways, strabismus and decreased vision develop, which leads to blindness. In the muscular system, there is a violation of the tone, paresis and tetraparesis may develop. Diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome is often combined with convulsive disease.

The hydrocephalic syndrome in the infant provokes emotional lability - they are easily aroused, tearful and quickly fatigued. Incorrect surgical treatment of hydrocephalic syndrome causes postoperative complications. It's about shunting. Misconducted surgical treatment often leads to infection, occlusion or increased outflow of liquor. In this situation, spinal fluid does not have time to develop and hemorrhages may occur. There is a risk of death due to hypodiagnosis and improper treatment.

Hydrocephalic syndrome: prevention

The diagnosis of hydrocephalic syndrome can be exposed still in utero. Therefore, in the prevention of this pathology, timely antenatal screening is important. Pregnant should take responsibly to their health and the health of the developing fetus. Ultrasound examination early in life can determine the pathology of the neural tube. In the second and third trimester, this study will make it possible to detect a violation of the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid and the expansion of the ventricles. You can also see cysts, tumors, hemorrhages, which can become a trigger factor in the formation of hydrocephalic syndrome. It is necessary to avoid infections that cause damage to the nervous system. If nevertheless the pregnant woman is ill, then treatment should be carried out in order to avoid a negative effect on the fetus. Drugs can be taken only after consulting a doctor, tk. Most drugs pass through the hemoplacental barrier and can harm the unformed spinal cord and brain.

Hydrocephalic syndrome in infants is also possible to prevent if to carry out preventive measures. It is very important to vaccinate children on time. Especially against those infections that are extremely dangerous for complications on the brain( meningitis, encephalitis).In our time, a child can be vaccinated against meningococcal infection, measles, rubella, and influenza. All types of neuroinfections should be treated immediately.

Hydrocephalic syndrome can also be prevented by preventing injuries. Hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome in children of the second half of life often develops as a result of increasing hypertension of the cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic injuries. It is necessary to protect the space of the baby, who actively moves and pulls everything to himself.

Chronic gastritis in children of school age

Chronic gastritis in children of school age

Chronic gastritis and chronic gastroduodenitis are most often observed in schoolchildren. T...

Read More

Inflammation of the lungs in a child

Inflammation of the lungs in a child

Inflammation of the lungs in a child is a serious infectious disease, and for children the...

Read More

Perinatal encephalopathy

Perinatal encephalopathy

Perinatal encephalopathy - a collective term including various noninflammatory lesion tiss...

Read More